migration and empire

Question 1

when was the treaty of union signed?

Answer 1

1707

Question 2

when was the union of the crowns?

Answer 2

1603

Question 3

what happened to glasgow in 1901?

Answer 3

it became the official second city of the empire, after london

Question 4

what were the 4 main industries in scotland, 1830-1930?

Answer 4

textiles
shipbuilding
locomotives
steelworks

Question 5

what was the biggest industry in scotland in 1930?

Answer 5

textiles

Question 6

how many employees did the cox brothers have in dundee?

Answer 6

14,000

Question 7

apart from the uk, where were there textiles markets?

Answer 7

the usa and the colonies

Question 8

what other industries were there in scotland?

Answer 8

fewer more diverse industries
shale (smooth rock)
whisky
singer sewing machines and beardmore planes (clydebank)

Question 9

what were the effects of heavy industrial growth in scotland?

Answer 9

1. huge growth in the population
2. redistribution of population with heavy industrial areas of the west the benefactors
3. agricultural employment in decline
4. continued urbanisation - more people start living in cities

Question 10

by 1911, what percentage of scotland’s population lived in towns of over 5,000 people?

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

what were these heavy industries dependent on?

Answer 11

lots of skilled workers

Question 12

who was paid less: scottish or english workers?

Answer 12

scottish

Question 13

what did lower pay rates for scottish workers do for scottish industrialists?

Answer 13

gave them a cost advantage until the end of the 19th century

Question 14

what was the textiles industry built on?

Answer 14

poorly paid female labour

Question 15

immigrants from which country provided lots of labour?

Answer 15

ireland

Question 16

what were the reasons to leave scotland?

Answer 16

• high rents (push)
• highland clearances (push)
• potato famine (push)
• consolidation of land (push)
• poor quality soil (push)
• decline in kelp industry (push)
• industrialisation (pull)
• communication (pull)
• assisted passage (pull)

Question 17

what were the highland clearances?

Answer 17

landlords evicted (sometimes by force) their tenants and replaced them with sheep, deer and game because it was more profitable

Question 18

what was the potato famine?

Answer 18

potatoes were affected by blight making them inedible, which devastated many communities such as Mull where 80% of the population relied on potato alone for food

Question 19

how did industrialisation cause migration?

Answer 19

people moved in huge numbers to urban areas in the lowlands in order to find work in the growing number of factories

Question 20

why was poor quality soil a cause for migration?

Answer 20

the soil was very difficult to grow food on, making potato the staple diet for many. the 1840s potato blight meant that even potatoes could not grow properly, making it more difficult for highlanders to sustain themselves by working the land

Question 21

why was the decline in the kelp industry a cause for migration?

Answer 21

this industry was very important and it’s collapse led to severe poverty and accelerated the clearances as people became economic migrants

Question 22

why was the consolidation of land a cause for migration?

Answer 22

by 1830 land had mostly been consolidated into larger farms. this created a pool of landless labourers and the prospect of owning land disappeared

Question 23

what was assisted passage?

Answer 23

between 1830-1930 various groups in scotland offered assistance to people hoping to leave the country. schemes were established by landlords, the british government, charities and colonial societies. the government were particularly active in this practice after WW1 when unemployment was high.

Question 24

why was communication a cause for migration?

Answer 24

letters home from family members already abroad expressed the number of opportunities available elsewhere (availability of land, employment opportunities, improved standard of living). adverts in newspapers and posters also promoted the financial and social benefits of emigration.

Question 25

what percentage of coal miners and iron workers in coatbridge were irish in 1861?

Answer 25

45% of coal miners and 47% of iron workers

Question 26

why did many irish immigrants settle in ayrshire?

Answer 26

because it was close to ireland

Question 27

why were dundee and angus attractive to immigrants?

Answer 27

the textiles industries offered work

Question 28

why did many irish immigrants settle into edinburgh, paisley, stirling, greenock, kilmarnock and glasgow?

Answer 28

job opportunities

Question 29

which group of irish immigrants tended to fit in better in scotland?

Answer 29

protestants from ulster

Question 30

what did the church mean to catholic irish?

Answer 30

it was a place they could gather together and help each other and the irish social life was often focused around the church (youth groups and sunday schools etc)

Question 31

what did catholics set up in scotland?

Answer 31

football clubs, schools (celtic, hibs, dundee united)

Question 32

until the 1850s, who funded catholic schools?

Answer 32

the church

Question 33

why did catholic schools refuse to join the state system in 1872?

Answer 33

because the inclusion of religion could not be guaranteed

Question 34

what did catholic churches become?

Answer 34

charities eg the st vincent de paul society, the league of the cross

Question 35

what was the original purpose of celtic football club?

Answer 35

set up by a priest in 1887 to help poor catholics, provide food

Question 36

what was the irish population of dundee and glasgow in 1851, from the census?

Answer 36

glasgow 18.2% | dundee 18.8%

Question 37

why did protestant irish find it easier to assimilate in scotland?

Answer 37

shared religion, many had scottish names

Question 38

what were some negative aspects of irish immigration?

Answer 38

drunkenness violence disorderly behaviour

Question 39

what were some positive elements of irish immigration?

Answer 39

contribution to developing scottish economy many conducted themselves with propriety lasting contribution to scottish culture eg football teams

Question 40

who published a pamphlet titled “the menace of the irish race to our scottish nationality”?

Answer 40

the church of scotland (protestant)

Question 41

name some areas in glasgow and dundee that the irish went to

Answer 41

maryhill, saltmarket in glasgow | lochee in dundee

Question 42

what did an 1836 government report suggest about the irish?

Answer 42

that they were inferior to the scots

Question 43

which politician party did the catholic irish support?

Answer 43

labour

Question 44

give some examples of the perception of the catholic irish

Answer 44

- not seen as law abiding or hardworking - seen as competition for jobs - seen as benefit scroungers - accuses of being strikebreakers

Question 45

what fraction of irish immigrants were protestant?

Answer 45

about 1/4

Question 46

how long have irish protestants been coming to scotland?

Answer 46

since the 18th century catholics began coming in the 19th century

Question 47

did the protestant irish have trouble assimilating?

Answer 47

no - they had lots in common with the scots eg religion and language

Question 48

what jobs did irish immigrants do?

Answer 48

catholics: textiles coal-mining iron working protestants: shipyards

Question 49

what were the four main groups of immigrants to scotland?

Answer 49

irish (catholic and protestant) jewish italian lithuanian

Question 50

why did italians leave italy?

Answer 50

economic problems poverty and famine dependency on agriculture lack of industrialisation

Question 51

what area of scotland did italian immigrants tend to settle in?

Answer 51

the south west (renfrewshire, ayrshire)

Question 52

apart from the south west where did italian immigrants settle?

Answer 52

edinburgh, the lothians, glasgow

Question 53

what jobs did italian immigrants do?

Answer 53

initially worked as peddlers (door to door salesmen) or barrow men selling ice cream began to set up ice cream parlours and chip shops also ran restaurants and hairdressers

Question 54

why did italians struggle to assimilate?

Answer 54

- devout catholics - opened cafes on the sabbath which caused tension with religious leaders - seen as morally corrupt

Question 55

why did jewish people immigrate to scotland?

Answer 55

- persecution by pogroms in russia - better transport - later, persecution by nazis

Question 56

where did many jewish immigrants come from?

Answer 56

eastern europe but later germany

Question 57

where did jewish immigrants go?

Answer 57

glasgow (especially gorbals), edinburgh, ayr and aberdeen

Question 58

who did jewish immigrants live with and what did they do?

Answer 58

- tended to form their own jewish communities - lived in tenements with other immigrant groups to avoid attacks - created businesses in their communities eg bakers

Question 59

what jobs did jewish immigrants do?

Answer 59

initially peddlers developed cigarette industry tailors butchers lawyers doctors

Question 60

name 4 countries jewish immigrants left

Answer 60

russia latvia lithuania estonia

Question 61

what 2 methods of transport did jewish immigrants use to come to scotland?

Answer 61

railways | steamships

Question 62

name 7 places jewish immigrants settled

Answer 62

``` glasgow ayr greenock edinburgh falkirk dundee aberdeen ```

Question 63

what language did jewish immigrants speak?

Answer 63

yiddish

Question 64

name 2 jewish newspaper

Answer 64

jewish times | jewish echo

Question 65

what was the name of the immigration act passed in 1905?

Answer 65

the aliens act

Question 66

why did lithuanians leave to come to scotland?

Answer 66

agricultural depression poverty tsarist oppression politics

Question 67

how many lithuanians left between 1870-1914?

Answer 67

1 in 4

Question 68

in which decade did lithuanians begin arriving in large numbers?

Answer 68

from the 1890s

Question 69

where did lithuanians settle?

Answer 69

west lothian fife coatbridge ayrshire

Question 70

what industries were lithuanians involved in?

Answer 70

mining iron steel

Question 71

what was the biggest employer of lithuanians?

Answer 71

mining

Question 72

what caused conflict between scots and lithuanians?

Answer 72

religion (catholicism) seen as filthy blamed for driving down wages

Question 73

what helped lithuanians assimilate?

Answer 73

- kids went to scottish schools - learnt and spoke local language - often changed names to more scottish ones

Question 74

what effect did ww1 have on lithuanians in scotland?

Answer 74

many refused to fight some saw themselves as russian not scottish as a result some repatriated