Migration and globalisation 2

Question 1

What is the history of migration in the UK?

Answer 1

Britain’s colonial history turned Britain into a multicultural society before globalisation and the EU. However, the UK did attempt to limit immigration through acts such as the 1962 and 1968 Commonwealth Immigration Acts and the the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act made it harder for asylum seekers to settle

Question 2

What turned Britain into a multicultural society?

Answer 2

its colonial history

Question 3

What UK acts limited immigration from the Caribbean and Asia?

Answer 3

1962 and 1968 Commonwealth Immigration Acts

Question 4

What acts made it harder for asylum seekers to settle in the UK?

Answer 4

1999 Immigration and Asylum Act

Question 5

list some push factors

Answer 5

escaping poverty, war, unemployment, 6/10 emigrants cited work as their primary reason for leaving the country

Question 6

how many emigrants cited work as their primary reason for leaving the country?

Answer 6

6/10

Question 7

list some pull factors?

Answer 7

joining relatives, higher standard of living, education, healthcare, work

Question 8

What types of migrants are there?+sociologist

Answer 8

Cohen:
Citizens - full citizenship rights
Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g billionaire oligarchs
Helots - unskilled poorly paid workers who are legally tied to particular employers

Question 9

what are citizens?

Answer 9

full citizenship rights

Question 10

what are denizens?

Answer 10

privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g billionaire oligarchs

Question 11

what are helots?

Answer 11

unskilled poorly paid workers who are legally tied to particular employers

Question 12

what is the feminisation of migration?

Answer 12

Almost 50% of migrants are women
Globalisation of the gender division of labour - female migrants are fitted into patriarchal ideas about women’s roles
Shutes - 40% of adult care nurses in the UK - most are female
Global transfer of women’s emotional labour e.g migrant nannies provide care for employer’s children at the expense of their own
‘Mail order brides’

Question 13

how many migrants are women?

Answer 13

almost 50%

Question 14

what is the feminisation of migration called? why?

Answer 14

globalisaion of the gender division of labour - female migrants are fitted into patriarchal ideas about women’s roles

Question 15

How many adult care nurses in the UK are migrants? + sociologist

Answer 15

40% - Shutes

Question 16

Give an example of the global transfer of women’s emotional labour

Answer 16

migrant nannies provide care for employer’s children at the expense of their own

Question 17

why are there more female migrants? + sociologists

Answer 17

Ehrenreich and Hochschild
Expansion of service industry in developed countries → increased demand for female labour
Western women in paid work are less willing and able to do domestic labour
Western men are unwilling to do domestic labour
Failure of the state to provide adequate childcare

Question 18

What are migrant identities?

Answer 18

Country of origin may provide an additional source of identity for migrants - they may form hybrid identities
Eade - 2nd gen Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities: Muslim first, then Bengali then British
Those with hybrid identities may find that others challenge their identities or accuse them of not fitting in

Question 19

give an example of hierarchical identities + sociologist

Answer 19

Eade - 2nd gen Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities: Muslim first, then Bengali then British

Question 20

What are the effects of globalisation?

Answer 20

More people’s lives connect with far away places
More people are moving for work
UN Population Fund - more people are now living outside their country of birth than any time in history
Speeding up of the rate of migration - between 2000-2013 international migration increased by 33%
Membership of the EU meant that any EU citizen could live and work in any EU country
More poor/ordinary people moving - risky as many countries are not welcoming of poor migrants

Question 21

What does the UN Population Fund say about globalisation?

Answer 21

more people are now living outside their country of birth than any time in history

Question 22

between 2000 and 2013, how much did international migration increase by?

Answer 22

33%

Question 23

why is it risky for poor people to migrate?

Answer 23

many countries are not welcoming of migrants

Question 24

how has globalisation effected the UK population?

Answer 24

• more immigration to and from the uk
• more undocumented workers
• more asylum seekers
• greater cultural diversity
• created transnational identities
• changing families

Question 25

in the year ending March 2014 - how many immigrants were from the EU?

Answer 25

38%

Question 26

explain how there are more undocumented workers

Answer 26

Pulled by the prospect of better living standards and pushed by poverty at ome Lack skills and wealth needed to enter legally Often exploited Pew research centre - between 800,000 and 1.2 million unauthorised migrants were in the UK in 2017 Don’t officially exist so it is difficult to make estimates

Question 27

how many unauthorized migrants does the Pew research centre estimate there are?

Answer 27

between 800,000 and 1.2 million

Question 28

explain how there are more asylum seekers

Answer 28

At the end of March 2014 - 24,000 people in the UK seeking asylum Often seen as undeserving scroungers Only make up 5% of immigrants / banned from working / very little government support Often held in detention centres - Chief inspector of prisons said that they show a ‘shocking lack of humanity’

Question 29

at the end of march 2014 how many people in the UK were seeking asylum?

Answer 29

24,000

Question 30

what are asylum seekers seen as?

Answer 30

undeserving scroungers of benefits and social housing

Question 31

what % of immigrants are asylum seekers?

Answer 31

5%

Question 32

why is it untrue that asylum seekers are undeserving scroungers?

Answer 32

Only make up 5% of immigrants / banned from working / very little government support Often held in detention centres - Chief inspector of prisons said that they show a ‘shocking lack of humanity’

Question 33

what did the chief inspector of prisons say about the detention centres that asylum seekers are put into?

Answer 33

they show a shocking lack of humanity

Question 34

explain how globalisation and migration has led to greater cultural diversity

Answer 34

Vertovec - ‘super diversity’ Ethnic groups may be divided by culture and religion Students - 2014 UK - more Chinese born than UK born post graduate students Growing number of couples from different cultural backgrounds - more ‘hybrid families’

Question 35

who talks about 'super diversity'?

Answer 35

Vertovec

Question 36

there are more X born post grad students than UK born - what is X?

Answer 36

Chinese

Question 37

explain how globalisation has crated transnational identities

Answer 37

Hylland Eriksen - back and forth migration rather than permanent Migrants are less likely to see themselves belonging to one culture - transnational identities Migrants are less likely to assimilate - Eriksen found that Chinese migrants in Rome found Mandarin more useful everyday than Italian

Question 38

who talked about how globalisation created transnational identities? what did they say?

Answer 38

Eriksen back and forth migration rather than permanent migrants are less likely to assimilate

Question 39

what example does Eriksen give of migrants being less likely to assimilate?

Answer 39

Chinese migrants in Rome found Mandarin more useful everyday than Italian

Question 40

how are families changing due to globalisation?

Answer 40

Migrants from Eastern Europe tend to have larger families - baby boom in the 2000s Beck and Beck-Gernsheim - growth of ‘world families’ and ‘distant love’ - relations between people living in different countries Chambers - more global family networks / ‘purchase of intimacy’ (mail order brides) and purchase of personal care e.g (nannies from poorer countries) Purchase of intimacy → growing international trade in trafficking women for enforced prostitution 2010 report from the Association of Chief Police Officers - 17,000 of the estimated 30,000 women involved in off street prostitution were migrants

Question 41

what contributed to the baby boom in the 2000s?

Answer 41

migrants from Eastern Europe having larger families

Question 42

what do Beck and Beck-Gernsheim say about families changing?

Answer 42

growth of ‘world families’ and ‘distant love’ - relations between people living in different countries

Question 43

who discusses 'world families' and 'distant love'?

Answer 43

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

Question 44

what does Chambers say about families changing due to globalisation?

Answer 44

more global family networks / ‘purchase of intimacy’ (mail order brides) and purchase of personal care e.g (nannies from poorer countries)

Question 45

who talks about the purchase of intimacy?

Answer 45

Chambers

Question 46

what has the purchase of intimacy led to + statistic

Answer 46

growing international trade in trafficking women for enforced prostitution 2010 - 17,000 of the estimated 30,000 women involved in off street prostitution were migrants

Question 47

when were there peaks in immigration? who? why?

Answer 47

1930s-45 - refugees from Nazis 1950s-70s - British subjects from former British colonies / immigration was encouraged by the government who wanted to solve labour shortages 2000s - net migration reached record peaks - immigrant from countries that joined the EU in 2004

Question 48

What is the politicisation of migration?

Answer 48

Growing fear of immigrants → success of anti-immigrant political parties Fear that it would weaken national culture and identity + undercutting of wages Migrants make significant contributions to the UK economy - taking jobs not wanted by British workers e.g staffing the NHS £18,600 a year minimum income requirement before British citizens can bring their non-British, non-European families to the UK → will break up 17,800 families

Question 49

what did the growing fear of immigrants lead to?

Answer 49

success of anti-immigrant political parties

Question 50

how do migrants make key contributions to the UK economy?

Answer 50

taking jobs not wanted by British workers

Question 51

give an example of a restriction on immigration which may break up families? how many families might this break up?

Answer 51

£18,600 a year minimum income requirement before British citizens can bring their non-British, non-European families to the UK 17,800 families

Question 52

How did the government promote assimilation?

Answer 52

First policy approach to immigration Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of host culture - make them ‘like us’ Transnational migrants with hybrid identities were not willing to abandon their culture or see themselves as belonging to just one nation state Workers may blame migrants for social problems e.g unemployment → racist scapegoating Castles and Kosack - this benefits capitalism as it creates a racially divided working class which prevents united action

Question 53

what was the aim of assimilation policies?

Answer 53

Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values and customs of host culture - make them ‘like us’

Question 54

problems with assimilation

Answer 54

- transnational migrants with hybrid identities were not willing to abandon their culture or see themselves as belong to jut one nation state - workers may blame migrants for social problems which leads to racist scapegoating

Question 55

How does workers blaming migrants for social problems benefit capitalism? + sociologist

Answer 55

Castles and Kosack - this benefits capitalism as it creates a racially divided working class which prevents united action

Question 56

How did the government promote multiculturalism?

Answer 56

Accepts that migrants may want to retain a separate cultural identity In practice - it is limited to superficial aspects of cultural identity Eriksen - shallow diversity (chicken tikka masala is acceptable) vs deep diversity (arranged marriage or veiling of women is not acceptable) Criticism - multicultural education policies celebrate shallow diversity whilst failing to address racism Many politicians are now demanding assimilation after 9/11 Castles - assimilation policies are counterproductive as they mark out minorities as culturally backward which can cause minorities to emphasise their differences (Islamic fundamentalism) which increases the host’s suspicion of them