MIGRATION CASE STUDY - Mali [the impact of global governance of sovereign/territorial integrity] Flashcards
(10 cards)
About mali
- contrast between North and South in termes of socio-economics and environment:
North - vast area of desert in which the Tuareg are the dominant ethnic group
South - most econoic activity + capital [Bamako] located on the Niger - Gold, Cotton and agricultural exports generate some income in the overall poor, landlocked country
- relies heavily on foreign aid and migrant remittances
Sovereignty/terretorial integrity issues: seperatism
seperatism - The tuareg Declared independance from Azawad, an area in northeast Mali:
- The claims for seccession based on Tuareg territorial and cultural rights in this area [current borders drawn over 100 years ago my europeans with little regard for tribal land]
- the Tuareg seek greater autonomy in azawad. Most recent military coup in 2012 caused by dissatisfaction with the gov for its ineffective leadership in the north and failure to hand conflicts.
Sovereignty/terretorial integrity issues: terroism and extremist activity
- rapid growth in armed groups; Al Qaeda, Islamic state and others.
- serious attacks on Malian and regional military forces and UN amd French peace keeping forces
- trafficking of people and arms smuggling occuring accross remote porous borders of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. Security has been threatened by extremists trying to create a safe haven in the Sahel as a base for attacks elsewhere.
- Schools have been targeted - reducing access to education and increasing vuneranility to sex exploitation, forced labour and recruitment of chalidren to armed forces.
What global governance strategies have been deployed in Mali
overall aim to sustain global system of sovereign nation states by restoring Mali’s sovereignty and territorial integrity
MINUSMA - established 2013 - support political press - stabilise Mali
12,000 military 1700 police
2019-20 bugest pf US$1.14 bn
ECOWAS - African Union - involved in returning power to civilian administration
How has Mali gained stability and development?
MINUSMA - establishing mechanisms for political, economic and social stability
Provision of military force and strengthening police
Protraction of human rights by enforcing international norms
re-establishing sovereign state control of the north territories
oppurtunities for stability
- preservation of Malis territorial integrity and restoring state control + rule of law
- allowing some degree of autonomy for the north with regionally elected leaders, fairer rep in national gov, larger state budget allocation
- peaceful, legal and democratic national elections
- protecting civilians, communities and their livlihoods throigh improved security and reduction in terrorist activity
acheiving growth by
- strengthening governance of mining sector
- improving access to global supply chains , diversifying industry reducing effects of commodity price fluctuations
-incorp north into national economy by accelerating infrastrucutre projects such as rural electrification, road and air access - ecouraging youth training eg apprenticeships
furthering development by tackling:
- health
- educations
- poverty - helping substinance famers become more resilient using sustainable techmiques
challenges: inequality
- mali is one of the poorest countires on the glob 184th
- high level of income inequality and gener ineqaulity
- north [poorly funded + limited services] and south have socio-econ divide
- cultural and linguistic barriers between ethnic groups
- urban-rural contrasts demonstrate inequalities in both provion of infrastructure and access to basic healthcare.
challenges: injustices
- government inability to protect its on citizens from human rigths abuses
- governments inability to police its own country
- many people fleeing violence have been displaced internally / neighbouring countries
- poor access to education
- high rates of infant and materal mortality.
