Migration, Empire's and people - Expansion and Empire Flashcards

Question

How did British rule affect Indian industry?

Answer 1

Factories built for cotton, wool, flour—owned by British Indians worked in British-run mills British-made goods (e.g. clothes) sold back to India India became a market for British industrial products

Answer 2

Over 30,000 km of railways and 130,000 bridges built Linked regions, boosted economic development £400 million invested by 1914 in rail, roads, mines, etc. Some argue this mainly helped British profits

Answer 3

Introduced vaccines and treatments for malaria, smallpox Improved sewage and clean water access → life expectancy rose Famine in late 1800s killed millions Blamed on British forcing cash crops over food (e.g. cotton over rice)

Answer 4

Legal system modelled on British law High courts in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras Hindu and Muslim judges included to respect customs British law sometimes clashed with Indian traditions

Answer 5

Thousands of schools and colleges opened English widely taught → access to science and literature Promoted democratic/liberal values among Indians Benefited British trade; eroded traditional Indian education

Answer 6

Raw materials (e.g. cotton) sent to British factories Products sold back to India and other colonies By late 1800s, 25% of British exports went to India Exports worth nearly £140 million by early 1900s

Answer 7

Fought in British wars across the empire Crucial in WW1 and WW2 By Dec 1914, 1 in 3 soldiers fighting for Britain in France was Indian Helped Britain maintain global power

Answer 8

Indian tea became a staple British drink Indian words adopted: “pyjamas”, “shampoo”, “bangle”, “cash” Indian food popularised in British homes Queen Victoria learned Hindi/Urdu; hired Indian secretary

Answer 9

Nearly 80,000 km of roads, 12,000 km of canals built by 1900 Schools, hospitals, dams, railways established Introduced legal systems, settled inter-regional disputes Investments helped both governance and resource extraction

Answer 10

British customs forced onto Indian society Traditional cultures, religions, and identities often ignored Raw materials exploited; native lands seized Brutal repression of resistance by British army

Answer 11

Rapid colonisation of Africa by European powers (1880–1900) Over 90% of Africa controlled by Europe by 1900 (10% in 1870) Driven by trade, rivalry, religion, and empire-building Britain gained 16 new African colonies during this period

Answer 12

Focus was mainly on the transatlantic slave trade From 1562–1807, Britain transported ~3 million Africans to Americas Harsh African diseases limited exploration Only 10% of Africa was under European control by 1870

Answer 13

Rival nations (France, Germany, USA) became economic powers Resources: gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber, coffee, timber Seen as new markets for manufactured goods Anti-malaria treatments after 1870 enabled inland exploration

Answer 14

Aimed to convert Africans to Christianity Built schools and hospitals; promoted European values Viewed Africa as the "dark continent" needing "enlightenment" Example: British missionary David Livingstone

Answer 15

European leaders met in Berlin to divide African land peacefully Aimed to prevent war among European powers African needs, languages, and cultures were ignored Marked start of formal European colonisation of Africa

Answer 16

Key colonies: Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria, Northern & Southern Rhodesia Created near-continuous land from Egypt to South Africa By 1900, Britain controlled 32% of Africa Southern Africa vital for sea route to India

Answer 17

Protect trade routes (e.g. to India) and access resources Compete with France, Germany, and Belgium Missionary activity and belief in British superiority Gain markets and raw materials for British industry

Answer 18

Armed resistance with spears, swords, and some firearms Major African victory: Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 Maxim gun gave Europeans a military edge Most African resistance crushed by better-armed invaders

Answer 19

Traditional ways of life destroyed Many forced into labour on British-owned farms/mines Grew export crops: tea, coffee, cocoa, cotton Suffered hunger, hardship, and loss of independence

Answer 20

Born 1853, Bishop’s Stortford; died 1902 Became rich in gold and diamond mining in southern Africa Founded De Beers (1888), controlling most southern African mines Prime Minister of Cape Colony (1890–96)

Answer 21

Idea that strong societies should dominate weaker ones Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution (“survival of the fittest”) Rhodes believed Britain was ‘superior’ and should rule others Justified imperialism and racial hierarchies in Africa

Answer 22

Strongly supported British imperialism Believed Britain had the right to dominate weaker nations Saw empire-building as a way to spread British civilisation Used wealth and politics to expand British rule in Africa

Answer 23

Took part in the Scramble for Africa Gained control of Northern & Southern Rhodesia (Zambia, Zimbabwe) Tried to overthrow Boer leader Paul Kruger in Transvaal (failed) Helped lead to Boer Wars (1899–1902), where Britain gained more land

Answer 24

Boers: Dutch settlers controlling the Transvaal Rhodes tried to oust Boer leader Paul Kruger using force Failure triggered Boer Wars (thousands died) Britain eventually won, but Rhodes died in 1902 before war ended

Answer 25

Passed laws pushing black people off land Increased taxes on black-owned homes Made it harder for black people to vote Policies reinforced racial segregation and inequality

Answer 26

Brought wealth to Britain through gold and diamond trade Expanded British territory and influence in Africa Funded scholarships (e.g. Rhodes Scholarships to Oxford) Donated to institutions like University of Cape Town

Answer 27

Promoted racial superiority and imperialism Policies harmed African communities and helped create apartheid Views on empire and race clash with modern values Statue removed from University of Cape Town in 2015

Answer 28

19th-century views saw empire as a source of pride Today, focus is more on racial justice and historical harm Critics say past context doesn’t excuse harmful beliefs Legacy reassessed in light of modern ethics and equality

Answer 29

Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean (shortcut to India) Opened in 1869; avoided sailing around Africa 80% of ships using it were British Key to fast trade and rapid military response

Answer 30

No – Britain didn’t pay or assist in construction Built by the French and Egyptians Britain only got involved after it opened

Answer 31

Egypt fell into financial trouble 1875: Prime Minister Disraeli bought Egypt’s canal shares Borrowed £4 million from banker Lionel de Rothschild Gave Britain a controlling interest in the canal

Answer 32

Called it the “determining influence of every considerable movement of British power” Meant it was key to Britain’s control in the east and south of the Mediterranean

Answer 33

Egypt still in financial crisis after canal sale Britain and France loaned money in return for control over: Railways Trade Post offices Ports

Answer 34

1882: Egyptian nationalist rebellion against foreign control Riots in Alexandria killed several British citizens Britain bombed Alexandria in response; France refused to help

Answer 35

City’s defences destroyed Britain sent 24,000 troops (plus 7,000 from British India) Captured key towns including Cairo Over 40 Royal Navy warships secured the canal

Answer 36

Egypt became another British-controlled African country by 1882 British troops permanently stationed there Gave Britain indirect control over Sudan

Answer 37

1884: Mahdi (religious leader) led a major rebellion General Charles Gordon was killed by rebels Mahdi’s forces resisted for years

Answer 38

1886–88: Brutal military campaigns led by Lord Kitchener Rebels crushed By 1899, Sudan was under full British control like Egypt

Answer 39

Descendants of Dutch settlers from the 1650s Lived in Cape Colony, southern Africa "Boer" is the Dutch word for "farmer" Mostly farmers, opposed British control

Answer 40

1806: British invaded Cape Colony It soon became part of the British Empire Boers resented British control and left Founded Transvaal and Orange Free State

Answer 41

Gold discovered in Boer territory Cecil Rhodes opened mines in Boer land Thousands of British workers arrived Paul Kruger denied political rights to British settlers

Answer 42

Diamonds discovered in Boer states (1867) Britain tried to unite Boer and British colonies Boers refused; British sent troops Boers defeated British at Majuba Hill (Feb 1881)

Answer 43

Sponsored by Cecil Rhodes to overthrow Kruger Plan failed, worsening British-Boer relations British sent more troops to the borders Led to the Second Boer War in 1899

Answer 44

1899–1902 Boers initially won several victories British underestimated Boer tactics and skill Boers used guerrilla warfare effectively

Answer 45

No uniforms; blended in with settlers Used latest German-made rifles and artillery Fought on horseback; highly mobile Used guerrilla tactics in small groups (5–12)

Answer 46

Some black workers helped Boers (e.g., moving supplies) Others supported the British (e.g., scouts, drivers, soldiers) Fighters lived off the land; British relied on long supply chains Boers attacked supply lines, camps, and railways

Answer 47

Sent 500,000 troops to fight 50,000 Boers Used machine guns, modern rifles, and explosive shells Boers refused to surrender, continued guerrilla raids British launched scorched earth policy under General Kitchener

Answer 48

Burned Boer farms, destroyed crops, poisoned wells Killed livestock to starve Boer fighters Rounded up civilians into concentration camps 28,000 Boers (mostly children) died from disease

Answer 49

About 130,000 black civilians placed in camps Most were labourers from Boer farms At least 20,000 black civilians died Deaths caused by disease and poor conditions

Answer 50

1902: Boers surrendered after years of war Peace talks led to Boer states becoming British colonies Boers allowed to run many of their own affairs 1910: Cape Colony, Natal, and Boer states formed Union of South Africa

Answer 51

Formed by Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State Became part of the British Empire Classed as a dominion, not a colony Had self-rule and managed internal affairs

Answer 52

Britain’s largest empire war of the 20th century 450,000 British soldiers fought; nearly 6,000 died in battle 16,000 died from illness; Boers lost 7,000 soldiers 28,000 Boer civilians died, showing Britain’s determination to keep its empire

Answer 53

Over a third of volunteers were physically unfit Raised concerns about national health and readiness for future wars Triggered investigations into poverty and public health Led to social reforms beginning in 1906

Answer 54

1906: Free school meals introduced Free medical checks and treatments in schools Teaching of 'domestic science' (nutrition, child care, etc.) Later: unemployment benefits, sickness pay, pensions, job centres

Answer 55

The promotion of positive ideas about the British Empire. Aimed to influence public opinion and beliefs. Spread through media, products, and education. Helped build patriotic pride and support for empire expansion.

Answer 56

Empire brought trading benefits and wealth to Britain. Belief in spreading Christianity and British civilisation. Viewed white skin and British values as superior (a racist ideology of the time). Queen Victoria said the empire aimed to "protect the poor natives" and advance civilisation.

Answer 57

Brands like Pears soap used imperial imagery to sell products. Packaging featured maps, flags, and colonial symbols. Products included tins of chocolates, soap, and household items. Empire pride was used for commercial gain.

Answer 58

Extreme poverty in Ireland In search of better paid work Large increase through Liverpool and Glasgow Many worked as navvies, miners, or in cotton mills

Answer 59

Navvies – canals, roads, railways (⅓ of railway navvies) Worked in mines and cotton mills Often took low-paid, manual labour jobs

Answer 60

Potato blight ruined crops Led to the Great Famine Around 1 million deaths 1.5 million emigrated in the 1840s–50s

Answer 61

Around 600,000 Mostly lived in poor, overcrowded areas Formed close-knit communities in cities

Answer 62

Nearly 1 million went to the USA Large Irish communities in Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia St Patrick’s Day parades common – New York hosts one of the largest

Answer 63

Lived in slum housing Disease was widespread (e.g. typhus = “Irish fever”) Accused of taking jobs and being lazy Faced discrimination and job bans due to Irish names/accents

Answer 64

Irish = Catholic, British = Protestant Religious violence and marches through Irish areas Irish property destroyed in riots

Answer 65

Seen as violent due to navvies drinking 1847, The Times called them "squalid apes" Blamed for high crime rates in towns

Answer 66

Big migration waves in the 1930s, 1950s, and 1960s Came looking for work in cities Over time, more integration through intermarriage

Answer 67

Vital to building canals, roads, railways 40% of British army in early 1800s were Irish Brought culture: music, dance, pubs 2001 census: 6 million had Irish parents or grandparents

Answer 68

Due to religious intolerance under King Edward I Jews were banned for over 350 years Only ~400 Jews in England by 1690

Answer 69

Around 40,000 Jews Out of a total population of 18 million Most were British-born, English-speaking, and integrated

Answer 70

First Jewish Mayor of London (1855) Lionel de Rothschild became first Jewish MP Rothschild helped fund Britain’s share in the Suez Canal Benjamin Disraeli became first Jewish Prime Minister in 1874

Answer 71

Persecution in Eastern Europe, especially Russia Blamed for Tsar Alexander II’s assassination in 1881 Faced pogroms, expulsions, and anti-Jewish laws Fled for safety and freedom between 1881–1914

Answer 72

Violent attacks on Jewish communities Example: 1903 Kishinev pogrom – 49 Jews killed Homes and businesses were destroyed

Answer 73

Around 120,000 Mostly settled in poor urban areas Often unskilled, Yiddish-speaking, and lived in hardship

Answer 74

Clothing, shoemaking, furniture-making Often in ‘sweatshops’ – cramped, hot, and low-paid Faced high rents and disease-ridden housing

Answer 75

Accused of taking British jobs Looked and sounded different Suffered unfair discrimination, like many migrant groups

Answer 76

First law to limit immigration into Britain Aimed at reducing Jewish migration Pressured by anti-immigrant campaigns and politicians

Answer 77

Young men migrated first, then brought families later Helped Jews establish stable communities Led to larger family-based settlements

Answer 78

Millions moved across the empire Some forced (e.g. slaves, convicts) Others moved for jobs and opportunities

Answer 79

Michael Marks (with Tom Spencer) founded Marks & Spencer Jack Cohen (Polish Jewish roots) founded TESCO Jewish migrants became known as hardworking entrepreneurs

Answer 80

People moved against their will Includes enslaved Africans and convicts Often for labour (plantations, railways, etc.)

Answer 81

Workers signed 5-year contracts Given transport + basic wages Used after slavery ended

Answer 82

Tamils to Sri Lanka/Malaya (tea, rubber) Indians to Africa (railways, roads) 150,000+ per decade (1841–1910)

Answer 83

Irish and Eastern European Jews Chinese and Central Europeans Formerly enslaved people

Answer 84

Over 30,000 arrived to build railways Many stayed after work ended Became key workers: bankers, shopkeepers

Answer 85

11 ships left Portsmouth Over 1300 people onboard Included 736 convicts

Answer 86

Used to send prisoners from overcrowded jails Cheaper than keeping them in Britain One-way journey – criminals not expected to return

Answer 87

Assigned to masters Good behaviour = early release Bad behaviour = punishment (whipping, longer sentence)

Answer 88

Many stayed and became farmers Helped grow wheat & sheep farming Helped expand British control of Australia

Answer 89

Hopes of gold and diamonds Job opportunities Land and adventure

Answer 90

Wanted better lives/opportunities Went to N. America, Australia, Canada, S. Africa Many worked in farming, mining, building

Answer 91

Local councils funded schemes Targeted poorest people Sent young criminals to start new lives abroad

Answer 92

Wanted new lives abroad Took supplies and skills Helped early settlements survive

Answer 93

Better food, sanitation, medicine Fewer childhood deaths Population: 10m → 37m

Answer 94

Shift from countryside to cities Towns grew faster than rural areas By 1901: 75% lived in towns

Answer 95

Irish came to work in mills 1851: 10% of Manchester = Irish 49% of Coatbridge (Scotland) = Irish

Answer 96

Farm machinery reduced jobs Factories offered regular work More city jobs (shops, building, etc.)

Migration, Empire's and people - Expansion and Empire Flashcards

(124 cards)