Migration, empires and people Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Britons before 4000bc
A
-Immigrants
-Hunter gathers move in small groups, make tools, light fires
2
Q
Britons at 4000bc
A
-Farmers arrive
-Farmers bring seeds for crops.
-Build stone houses in Britain
3
Q
Britons 500-43bc
A
-Beaker people arrive
-Do pottery and metal making
-Celts are tribes who fight and farm land.
4
Q
Britons 43-401AD
A
-Romans arrive, conquer British tribes
-Romans rule for 400 years, part of empire
5
Q
Britons 401 onwards
A
Romans return to Italy to defend from invasion.
-Denmark, German tribes invade for farmland, climate.
-Called Angles, Saxons, Jutes
6
Q
Where did Anglo-Saxons settle?
A
-Villages next to farms.
-Set up kingdoms, led by lords
-ANGLO-SAXON CHIEF-BRETWALDA
-Converted to Christianity, traded goods
7
Q
Who were the Vikings?
A
People of Scandinavian (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish) descent, who explored, raided and invaded countries as far as the Americas.
8
Q
When did Vikings raids begin in Britain?
A
Around 790AD
9
Q
When were the first recorded Viking attacks on Britain and what happened?
A
-In AD 793, monastery at Lindisfarne, Northumbria.
-In AD 795, Isle of Iona, Scotland. Attacked during summer (calmer seas).
-They stole gold, silver, cattle and people.
10
Q
Why did the Vikings invade Britain?
A
-They knew of the Brits wealth through trading with Anglo Saxons.
-Both groups farmed, improving lives.
-Scandinavia had become over- crowded so people were looking for a new life abroad.
-Britain offered better conditions to grow crops and rear animals compared to the hilly Norway and Sandy soil in Denmark.
-Primogeniture occurred.
11
Q
When did Viking choose to settle in Britain?
A
Around AD 850.
12
Q
When was the city of York captured?
A
November AD 866.
13
Q
When had the Vikings captured Anglo Saxon kingdoms: East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia?
A
By AD 870
14
Q
Who was the King of Wessex?
A
Alfred. (THE GREAT)
Reign started from 871 after his father died.
Son of Aethelred of Wessex.
22 yrs old.
15
Q
Where, when and why were King Alfred’s army driven back?
A
In AD 876.
Vikings began a series of ferocious attacks against Wessex.
Army was forced to hide on Isle of Athelney in the Somerset marshes.
16
Q
When was the Battle of Edington and what happened?
A
May AD 878.
Alfred beat Vikings in Wiltshire.
2 sides sat down and agreed to peace terms.
Viking leader Guthrum became Christian + promised not to attack Wessex again.
Alfred let Vikings stay in area called the Danelaw.
17
Q
What was the Danelaw?
A
Area in the north and east of England where Vikings lived.
18
Q
Significance of Danelaw now?
A
-District laws, Place names, customs
19
Q
What Viking influences remain today?
A
Days of the week e.g. (Thor’s)day.
Village names ending with -by e.g. Grims(by).
Words like egg and ill
20
Q
What changed between vikings and British?
A
-Intermarriages occurred
-People settled down on farms.
21
Q
What happened after the death of Alfred?
A
His descendants recaptured parts of the Danelaw.
22
Q
When did Edgar the Peaceful become king
A
AD 959.
He was the great grandson of Alfred the Great.
23
Q
Who became king after Edgar the Peaceful died?
A
Edward, son of Edgar and Unknown woman.
AD 975.
24
Q
Who became king after Edward was murdered?
A
Aethelred, son of Edgar and Aelthfryth.
AD 978.
25
What happened when Edgar the Peaceful died?
-Edward became king but murdered by supporters of Aethelred
-Aethelrred became king In 978
-Aethelred was corrupt
-Stepmom may have killed Edward for Aethelred to be king.
26
When and why did Vikings return to Britain?
-991, Sven Forkbeard and Olad Tryggvason got to Folkestone
-Had 90 ships
27
When and what was the Battle of Maldon?
battle in August 991, Norwegians lost.
-Aethelred payed Vikings to leave
28
What was the Danegeld?
-Currency for Vikings to leave Britain, payed by Aethelred
-Some mercenaries remained to protect British.
-people given Danegeld in 997
29
When did Vikings invade again?
991-Sven Forkbeard invaded with Olaf Tryggvason.
-had 90 ships
30
What was Battle of Maldon? (991)
-Battle between Vikings and British, British won.
-Aethelred payed them Danegeld to leave.
Some mercenaries stayed to protect England.
31
Why Aethelred looked for alternative to pay?
-Silver was £900,000.
-People annoyed at high taxes so Aethelred looked for another way.
32
What was Aethelreds alternative?
Made deal with Duke of Normandy.
-Aethelred married Emma of Normandy to seal agreement that Vikings can't settle in France
33
What happened in 1002?
-Aethelred carried out mass killing (ST BRICE'S DAY MASSACRE)
-murdered women, children and men to undermine Vikings.
-Angered Sven Forkbeard as SISTER GUNHILDA WAS KILLED.
34
What else was Aethelred called?
Aethelred the unready, unprepared to fight Vikings.
35
Why did Forkbeard attack again?
-Large army
-Wanted revenge
-Wanted more wealth for Norway from England
-Conquered to kill Thorkell The Tall who betrayed him.
36
What happened at Battle of Svold
-1000
-Sven killed Olaf.
37
What happened when Forkbeard died?
-Son CNUT became king.
-People wanted Aethelred back
-Aethlered returned in 1014, CNUT FLED TO DENMARK
38
When did Aethelred die?
April 1016
Son (Edmund Ironside became king)
39
When and what was Battle of Assandun?
Battle between CNUT AND EDMUND
Both agreed each get some land Edmund died a month later
October 1016
In Essex
40
How Britain changed under Cnut?
Rich area
Good trade links with Scandinavia
Could support Danes if trade links good
Danish nobles given British land.
41
What was the North sea empire?
Cnut won many battles and won people over
He adopted laws from Edgar The Peaceful
Was religious
Inherited kingdoms everywhere
This was his North sea empire
42
How did Cnut bring improve relationship with stability in England?
Married Emma of Normandy, widow of Aethelred, improving relationship with Normandy.
Had 2 sons, first was Harold who was hated
Harthacnut born and hated
43
When did Harthacnut die?
1042 and throne given to Prince Edward
44
When did Edward come back?
Edward came back when Forkbeard attacks were finished.
45
Did people like Edward the Confessor?
Accepted by ordinary people
Preferred Norman friends
Very religious
Earnt his title
46
When did Cnut die
1035 buried in Winchester
47
WILLIAM CONQUEROR N/A
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR N/A
48
When and what happened when William the Conqueror died?
1087
Land divided between Robert and William II
William II became king
49
When and what happened when William II died?
1100
Henry I (youngest son) became king
50
What was Henry II reign like?
Ruled for 20 years
Daughter Matilda married GEOFFREY OF ANJOU.
51
What happened when Henry died?
Stephen seized the throne
Stephenj was Henry nepheew.
Matilda wanted throne so there was battle for 19 years.
52
What did Stephen and Matilda agree on?
Son of Matilda, Henry II, would become king when Stephen died.
53
When did Stephen die?
October 1154
54
What land did Henry II have access to and what was his empire called?
ANGEVIN EMPIRE
King of England
Inherited land in France due to GEOFFREY OF ANJOU.
1152, Married Eleanor of Aquitaine to expand territories and it was the largest region in his domain.
Brought areas of France
Count of Maine
Got son to marry French duchess so he gained BRITTANY
Had some land in Ireland and Scotland.
55
What was hard about getting to Ireland?
Irish sea tough to cross
Not very rich country
Governed by nobles
56
What happened in 1166?
King Dermot of Leinster needed Henry II help
He was fighting a Irish king
English knights, barons led by EARL OF PEMBROKE CALLED STRONGBOW crossed Ireland to help Dermot
Some barons took land for themselves
57
What was Henry status in Ireland?
Called an OVERLORD by settlers and Irish leaders
Strengthened fortifications and built new castles.
Trade links
58
What was King Louis VIII reaction to Henry having more land than him in France?
Conflict between both of them
Demanded he crosses to Normandy by flying by horse or ship
59
How many times did Henry II travel across the English channel?
30 times in 35 year reign
60
When and what happened when Henry II died?
1189
Richard I (son) became king
ANGEVIN EMPIRE hard to govern
61
Who did Richard lose land to and when did he die
King Phillip II, land in Normandy
Died in 1199
62
Who became king after Richard and how did he deal with opponents?
People wanted Arthur (nephew) to be king and helped by King Phillip II
John fought battles to protect kingship.
63
When did Arthur die?
1203, John stabbed him, body in River Seine.
64
When did King John start losing land and what name was he given
JOHN SOFTSWORD
1204 in Brittany
Normandy later
Anjou later
Maine later
ONLY HAD GASCONY LEFT
65
What did English barons do when taking action against King John?
MARCHED INTO LONDON
GAVE AN ULTIMATIUM
FIGHT ARMY MARCHING INTO LONDON
OR CHANGE WAY HE RAN THE COUNTRY.
66
What did King John do in response to the barons?
Set out in document called MAGNA CARTA (GREAT CHARTER)
Stopped unfair taxes
Trials would be held quickly and fairly
67
KEY DATES ABOUT THE ANGEVIN EMPIRE ALONG WITH KING JOHN
1150-Inherit Normandy from mother, Matilda
1151-Succeeds father, Geoffrey
1152-Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
1154-Becomes king of England
1166-68-Invades Brittany
1171-71-Invades Ireland
1189-Hnery II dies, Richard becomes king
1193-94-John deals with King Phillip II
1199-Richard killed.
1202-05-Phillip II takes Normandy
1204-14-John regains control of Normandy, defeated at Bouvines
1216-King John dies ending Angevin Empire.
68
How much land did Edward III have by 1300s?
King of England in 1327
Controlled Gascony, small part of Northern France.
69
When did King Edward III gain throne of France?
1337
70
Why did war break out between France and Britain?
Wine was taken from England when it was taxed, France threatened to take it
England sold wool, turnt it into cloth, France took this to annoy Britain and make them poorer
Had better claim to throne than Phillip VI, he had French ancestor
Edward had conflict with Scots, French promised to help Scots, annoying Edward
71
What was the Hundred years war?
Battle for French throne from 1337-1453
72
What is Phase 1 of Hundred years war?
1337-1360
Edward won battle at Cecy-1346
Edward won battle at Poitiers-1356
Captured Calais and held French king to ransom
Gave up demands to throne and controlled GASCONY, CALAIS
73
What and when is Phase 2 of the Hundred Years war?
1370, French win some land back
74
When and what was phase 3 of the hundred years war?
1413, Henry V became king
75
When did Hnery V die
1422
French took back land and were helped by 17b year old Joan of Arc
76
Who is Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc is a patron saint of France, honoured as a defender
77
When did Britain lose almost all of the land
1453 except Calais on French border
78
Key fact about who English kings married during these times?
1199-1461, married French princess or noblewomen.
79
When and what was the battle of Agincourt?
25 October 1415 near Agincourt in France
80
What happened at the Battle of Agincourt?
1415-Captured Harfleur
Henry lost half his men to disease and battle injuries
Marched upwards to Calais and found English ships
French didn't let him get away and had an army of 30,000
English army only had 11,000 archers, knights and foot soldiers
Between 2 woods, field was ploughed due to rainfall and fighting began at 11.
81
Who won the Battle and how man soldiers did each side lose?
Henry V
French lost 7000-10,000
English lost few hundred
82
What and when was the Treaty Of Troyes?
Married old French king daughter to unite England and France
83
What happened in 1422 and years onwards?
Henry V died in 1422.
Joan of Arc inspired French stating saints called on her to FREE FRANCE FROM ENGLAND
French slowly drove English out
English captured Joan of Arc and accused her of witchcraft and burnt her to death
French occupied most of land captured by British before
84
What were the impacts of the Hundred years war on both France and England?
High cost of war, food, armour, houses
High taxes
Did not have money and facilities (AS THEY LOST LAND) to steal goods
Lost cavalry, knights on horsebacks
All of traditional fighting stopped, so increased use of gunpowder, handguns, cannons and castles.
85
What did Battle lead to in France politically?
Nationalist feelings and love for French and love of king,
Led high cost of paying for war meaning the tax the whole country, so had a full time army to handle Europe.
86
What was relationship between Tudors and Stuarts like?
All of UK got along well
Stuarts= Scottish family
All were encouraged into trade now (pirates, explorers)
87
What did Christopher Columbes do?
1492, founded Americas and west Inides
CHRISTPHER WORKED WITH SPANISH.
88
What was spains role with participating in exploring?
Colonised Americas first
Discovered gold in South America
1496-Henry VIII joined explorer with JOHN CABOT-EXPLORER
89
What was John Cabot journey when exploring?
Left from Bristol
Landed at North America (Canada)
Cabot found nothing valuable there e.g. silk so returned to England.
90
What lanjd di Engfland find and who were 2 main new explorers?
Newfoundland "new base for England"
Sir John Hawkins 1532-95)
Sir Walter Raleigh
91
Why was there conflict between England and Spain?
England was Protestant
Spain was catholic
So gave each side a desire to win more land, build a power base to advantage
92
How did England take loot from the Spanish?
10-15% SPANISH TREASURE SHIPS CAPTURED BY OTHER COUNTRIES.
Britain COULD NOT FIND GOODS ANYWHERE FOR EIUCHES SO TOOK OTHER COUNTRIES SHIPS OR TERRITOTY.
some British WERE INVOLVED IN PIRACY
93
What is a privateer?
Could attack foreign ships and steal with permission granted from monarch to share with them
If they did not have permission and didn't share-THEY ARE A PIRATE
94
What is important about John Hawkins?
trading in west africa-1530
Explored Spanish canary islands
Built Elizabethan Royal navy
Cousin of SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, involved in SAN JUAN DE ULUA IN 1568
CALLED "FATHER OF SLAVE TRADE"
95
What were religious and Economic factors of exploring Americas?
Some Puritans, some Catholics needed place for religious freedom
Plenty of land to grow tobacco, sugar, potatoes, grown on plantations grown in large quantities.
96
What was British involvement in Global trading and plantations replacing piracy?
Could export cotton from New world to Britain.
Could sell Wheat, Rice, coffee.
Help supply fabric factories in Britain with trade
Monarchs stopped giving privateers as people became pirates.
Royal navy put anti-piracy measures
1720s- piracy very rare so people made profit.
97
How did Britain turn to slavery?
Plantations hard to work on-Weather was hot, crops failed
Not enough foofds on farms
British used INDENTURED SERVANTS FOR LABOUR
By 1619, African slaves in Britian.
98
What was a indentured slave?
SERVANTS WHO PAID FOR VOYAGE TO America BY BEING UNDER CONTRACT BY OWNER FOR CERTAIN NUMBER OF YEARS.
99
What rights did slaves have?
No legal rights
Slave children became on slave owner property as well
Purchasing slaves allowed plantations to be more profitable so unemployment dropped rapidly.
100
Why was Barbados captured by Spanish and what was important about it to Britain?
1625
It was a profiting market to Britain
101
When did Britain get involved with salve trade?
1619
102
How many slaves went to Americas and when was this?
11,000 British ships took slaves from 1690-1787
103
How many slaves taken around Africa and Caribbean?
6 MILLION.
104
What was life as a slave like?
Endured short and brutal lives of hard-work and misery
Poor diet
Tough punishments
No medical attention
105
What was the slave triangle?
Britain to Americas to west Indies.
106
How were slaves traded?
Traded guns, cloths, alcohol
Traders trade these with tribesmen for prisoners and went across Atlantic
Enslaved people traded to plantation owners worth sugar, cotton, tobacco
107
How much could traders earn from slave trade
up to 800% of profit on investment
Were given strong slaves (crew) to control the ship
108
What role did King Charles play in the salbe trade?
Part of Royal African company
109
Facts about Royal African Company?
60,000 salves in Africa from 1680-1688
110
What was Britons role in slave trade?
Shipbuilders, ship owners, bankers, investors, importers, dockworkers
Shop owners sold sugar and tobacco from plantations
111
How much money did Britons make from slave trade?
60 million between 1761-1808
112
What places in Britain benefited from slave trade?
Liverpool town hall, National Portrait Gallery in London
113
When was slavery abolished and when was slave ownership illegal?
1807-Slavery abolished
1833-Slavery ownership illegal
114
How many puritans moved to the Americas between 1630 and 1641
80,000
115
Why did people move to North America
Religion
People are crops like tobacco, cotton.
Good for voyages
116
When did King James establish a colony called Jamestown in Virginia?
1606
117
What hardships did they find in Jamestown?
Tried on local tribes to help them find and grow food.
Some massacred settlers.
Hunger and death for many.
Settlers started to farm land and did not search for gold.
Tobacco planting as it was easy to grow.
New Plymouth set up and developed 12 colonies.
118
What was the impact of British colonies on native Americans?
Native Americans saw British as invaders so there was lots of diseases passed on easily.
Intermarriages between new Plymouth and Jamestown people.
119
What happened in 1500?
What happened by 1700?
1500-560,000 native Americans in British territory
By 1700- less than 280,000 left due to measles.
NATIVE AMERICANS ANOUNT TO 0.7% OF LAND IN TOTAL POPULATION OF USA.
120
WHAT HAPPENED IN VIRGINIA?
1606-King James I gave permission for businessmen to sail to virginia.
THEY ESTABLISHED JAMESTOWN
EXPERIENCED CONFLICT WITH TRIBES AND LOCAL SETTLERS AS NEW SETTLERS WERE ARISTOCRATS WHO WERE NOT USED TO FARMING.
Hunger and death was common
Tobacco planting and searching for gold was common
121
How many colonies were there in the new world at the end
13 including New Plymouth.
122
What are facts about Britain settling in Massachusetts?
Came by the MAYFLOWER boat in 1620
Mainly puritans
Came for fishing and trading with other colonies.
People came from Jamestown as well as it became DESERTED.
123
Who are the Pilgrim Fathers?
Settlers from Britain coming to Massachusetts.
More than 20,000 settlers arrived in Massachusetts from 1629-40 with uprising of new religious groups.
124
Why did people move to New Plymouth colony?
Offshore fishing
Source of farming
Cod in high demand
125
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
Captain for queen elizabeth and king james 1.
1584-Set up Virginia and ROANOKE.
Father of American Colonies.
126
Impact of British colonies on indigenous Americans?
127
Who is sir Walter Raleigh?
