migration sovrenty and identity Flashcards
(27 cards)
China – Hukou System and Internal Migration
System: The Hukou system is a household registration policy that restricts internal migration.
Impact: Migrants from rural areas to urban centers face limited access to services like healthcare and education.
Reform: Recent efforts aim to relax these restrictions to accommodate urbanization
EU-Schengen Area – Regional Migration
Agreement: Established in 1995, it allows for the removal of border controls between member countries.
Impact: Facilitates the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the EU.
Challenges: Tensions arise from concerns over security and immigration control.
Singapore – Immigration Policy
Approach: Utilizes a points-based system to select immigrants based on skills and economic contribution.
Diversity: The country maintains a multicultural society with a significant proportion of foreign workers.
Integration: Policies promote social cohesion and national identity.
Japan – Immigration Challenges
Demographics: Aging population with a declining birth rate.
Policy: Strict immigration laws and a low percentage of foreign-born residents.
Need: Projected requirement for millions of immigrants to sustain the workforce by 2050.
Australia – Immigration Policy
System: Operates a points-based system prioritizing skilled workers.
Economic Contribution: Focuses on immigrants who can contribute to economic growth.
Integration: Programs aim to integrate immigrants into Australian society.
Mediterranean Migration Crisis
Routes: Migrants from Africa and the Middle East attempt to cross the Mediterranean to reach Europe.
Challenges: Overcrowded boats, lack of resources, and high mortality rates.
Response: Search and rescue operations by EU and non-governmental organizations.
UK – Windrush Generation
Arrival: Caribbean immigrants invited to the UK between 1948 and 1971 to address labor shortages.
Contribution: Played a significant role in rebuilding post-war Britain, particularly in the NHS.
Issues: Faced discrimination and challenges in securing legal status
Russia – Migration Policies
Labor Migration: Significant influx of migrants from former Soviet republics.
Policy: Government implements policies to manage labor migration and address demographic challenges.
Integration: Efforts to integrate migrants into Russian society while maintaining national identity
Ukraine – Migration and Sovereignty
Conflict: Ongoing conflict with Russia has led to internal displacement and emigration.
Impact: Challenges to national identity and sovereignty amid territorial disputes.
Response: Government initiatives to support displaced populations and maintain territorial integrity
Taiwan – Unrecognized State
Status: Operates as a sovereign state but is claimed by China.
Identity: Strong national identity and democratic governance.
Challenges: Limited international recognition and diplomatic relations.
What percentage of Cambodia’s skilled workers have left the country due to brain drain?
About 50% of Cambodia’s skilled workers have emigrated, contributing to significant brain drain.
How has UNICEF supported refugee camps in real-life situations?
In the Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh, UNICEF has provided essential services such as education, healthcare, and protection for nearly 950,000
: What happened to child migrants in the USA in 2018?
They were reportedly kept in caged enclosures in an abandoned Walmart in Texas.
How has Australia’s immigration policy changed over time?
Before 1973, Australia’s ‘White Australia’ policy barred non-Europeans. Today, it uses a points-based system for skilled migrants and detains some refugees on islands like Manus Island.
How has immigration policy and migration to the USA changed over time?
The USA once had an ‘open door’ policy but now enforces strict immigration controls. Famous migrants include Albert Einstein (1933) and Sergey Brin. Green Cards were introduced in 1950, and in 2016, Donald Trump proposed building a border wall to curb migration from Mexico.
How do natural barriers influence national borders?
Natural features like mountains and rivers have historically formed borders. For example, the Himalayas separate India and China, while the Iguazu Falls and River lie at the border of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
How do cultural and linguistic groups influence European country borders?
Many European borders are based on shared language origins. Romance languages include Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian; Germanic languages include English, German, and Swedish; Slavic languages include Russian, Polish, and Bulgarian.
How has political decision-making shaped national borders?
Treaties and agreements have drawn many borders, such as the Treaty of Versailles after WWI in Europe, the 49th parallel between the USA and Canada via the 1846 Treaty of Oregon, and the armistice line dividing North and South Korea after the Korean War.
How did colonial powers influence borders in the 19th century?
Spanish, German, English, and Dutch colonizers arbitrarily divided much of the world, especially Africa, focusing on controlling raw materials and water resources rather than cultural or ethnic boundaries.
Why is access to the Black Sea important for Russia?
: It is strategically important for military and security reasons. In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, gaining strategic control over the Black Sea.
Q: Why is Taiwan’s statehood status disputed?
A: China does not recognize Taiwan as a state, while the USA does recognize Taiwan as an independent state.
What was the ‘Wind of Change’ in Africa?
A period of rapid independence when many African nations gained independence from colonial rule.
What happened in some African nations after independence regarding ethnic groups?
The Tutsi in Rwanda seized control after working with Belgian colonists. In Kenya, Kenyatta expelled many Kenyans of Asian origin. Such actions caused resentment among minorities, leading to future conflicts.
What are tax havens, and can you name examples?
Tax havens are countries with very low personal and corporate taxes. Examples include Monaco and the Cayman Islands.
