Milestone in Pharmacy Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
Ancient man learned from?
A
Ancient man learned from Instincts, from observation of birds and beasts.
2
Q
What was the first soothing application before the Dawn?
A
Cold water, leaf, dirt, or mud was the first sooth application.
3
Q
From beginnings as remote and simple as these
came the proud profession of Pharmacy. Its
development parallels that of man.
A
Pharmacy - Before the Dawn
4
Q
Though the cavemen’s methods were?
A
Crude
5
Q
But many of today’s medicines spring from…
A
Sources as simple and elementary as those which were within reach of early man.
6
Q
By trial what happened to Caveman/Ancient Man?
A
By trial he learned which served him best. Eventually he applied his knowledge for the benefits of others.
7
Q
The jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
A
Babylon
8
Q
Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.)
A
Priest, pharmacists and physician were all in one.
9
Q
In Ancient Babylonia period where is medical texts were first recorded
A
Clay Tablets.
10
Q
What does the clay tablets from Ancient Babylonia period contains?
A
Symptoms of illness, prescription and directions for compounding, and invocation to the gods.
11
Q
The methods find counterpart in today’s modern pharmaceutical, medical, and
spiritual care of the sick
A
Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonian
12
Q
Emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value
of several hundred herbs.
A
Shen Nung
13
Q
According to legend, stems
from Shen Nung (about 2000 B.C.),
A
Pharmacy in Ancient China/Chinese Pharmacy
14
Q
A textbook on 365 drugs and Chinese herbs written by the Emperor Shen-Nung (circa 2800 BC)
A
Pen T-Sao
15
Q
He reputed to have tested many of them on himself, and to have written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs. Still worshiped
by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god.
A
Shen Nung
16
Q
What did Shen Nung conceivably examined?
A
Herbs, barks and roots brought in from the fields, swamps and woods that are still recognized in Pharmacy today.
17
Q
A chinese mathematical design symbolizing creation and life.
A
Pa Kua
18
Q
Medicinal plants in Chinese Pharmacy 6 that was tuckled.
A
Podophyllum (Mayapple)
Rhubarb
Ginseng
Stramonium
Cinnamon bark
Ma huang or Ephedra
19
Q
Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 BC, best known and most important pharmaceutical record.
A
Days of Papyrus Ebers
20
Q
Papyrus Ebers
A
A collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
21
Q
Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two or more echelons:
A
The gatherer and preparers of
drugs, and “chiefs of fabrication,” or head pharmacists.
22
Q
What period was ““House of
Life.”?
A
Days of Papyrus Ebers (Ancient Egypt)
23
Q
In a setting such as this, the Papyrus Ebers might have been dictated to a scribe by a head
pharmacist as he directed compounding activities in the drug room.
A
House of Life (Papyrus Ebers)
24
Q
Among the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists, is called the “Father of Botany.”
A
Theoprastus/Theophrastus (300 B.C)
25
Theophrastus observations and writings deals with?
Medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge.
26
What did Theophrastus did to his group of students?
He lectured to groups of students who walked about him, learning of nature by observing her treasures at firsthand.
27
In the picture presented in the PPT what plant did Theophrastus hold and what plant was behind me?
Belladoma
Pomegranate blooms,
senna, and manuscript scrolls. Slabs of ivory, coated with
colored beeswax, served the students as “slates.”
Writing was cut into the surface with a stylus.
28
What are slates?
Slabs of Ivory coated with beeswax, served the students as "slates".
29
The Royal Toxologist
Mithridates VI (About 100 B.C)
30
What did Mithridates VI did?
He battled Rome for a lifetime then he found time
to make not only the art of poisoning, but also the
art of preventing and counteracting poisoning,
subjects of intensive study.
31
The "guinea pigs" that Mithridates VI used on which to test poisons and antidotes.
Prisoners
32
A person who collects roots and herbs to make medicine.
Rhizotomist/Herbalist
33
Visualize the picture in the PPT of Mithridates VI what is behind him and at lower right is?
Behind him is Rhizotomist offering fresh flowering aconite, ginger, and gentian – a two piece forerunner of the
champagne bucket.
34
What is Mithridates famed formula alleged panantidotal powers and was popular for over a thousand years?
Mithridatum
35
An early "trademarked" drug
Terra Segillata (Sealed Earth)
36
What is Terra Segillata (Sealed Earth)
One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a mark was and a clay tablet.
37
Terra Segillata originated from?
Mediterranean island of
Lemnos before 500 BC.
38
Man learned early of the prestigious advantage of
trademarks as a means of identification of source
and of gaining customers’ confidence.
Terra Segillata
39
(Terra Segillata) One day each year clay was dug from? and in the presence of?
Lemnian Hillside in the presence of Governmental and Religious dignitaries
39
(Terra Sigillata) Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into? and official seal by?
Pastilles, seal by priestesses, then sun-dried
39
Sealed Earth
Terra Sigillata
39
A scientist look at drugs
Pedanius Dioscorides
39
Contributed mightily to such a transition in
Pharmacy. In order to study materia medica,
Dioscorides accompanied the Roman armies
throughout the known world.
Pedanius Dioscorides
40
What did Pedanius Dioscorides? He record...
He recorded what he observed, promulgated
excellent rules for collection of drugs, their
storage and use.
40
Dioscorides text were considere as in 16th century?
Basic Science
41
Experimenter in Drug Compounding
Claudius Galenus (Galen 130-200 A.D)
42
Who's the men of ancient times whose names are known and revered among both the professions
of Pharmacy and Medicine
Claudius Galenus (Galen 130-200 A.D)
42
Where did Galen practiced and taught Pharmacy and Medicine?
Rome
43
Galen principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in? for how many years?
Western world for 1,500 years.
44
A medicine made of natural rather than synthetic components.
Examples:
Galenicals
45
Semi-mythical remedy with as many as 65 ingredients, used as an antidote for poisoning,
Mithridatum
45
Galen was the originator of this emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup.
Cold Cream
46
Pharmacy Patron Saints
Damian and Cosmas
46
Damian and Cosmas twin careers were cut short by? in what year?
Martyrdom in 303
47
What were built in their honor of Damian and Cosmas in Rome and other cities?
Churches
48
During the Middle Ages remnants of the Western knowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine were preserved in the monasteries (fifth to twelfth centuries).
Monastic Pharmacy
48
What did the Monks gathered in Monastic period of Pharmacy?
The monks gathered herbs and simples in the
field, or raised them in their own herb gardens.
49
In this era gardens were prominent to raise herbs?
Monastic Pharmacy
49
Who separated the art of Apothecary and Physician?
The Arabs
50
Where and when was first drug store established?
In Bagdad late in 8th century.
50
What did the Arabs preserved? and added? developing with the aid of
their natural resources syrups, confections,
conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids.
They preserved Greco-Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids.
50
What milestone was the Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad late in the eighth century the first privately owned drug stores.
The First Apothecary Shop
50
The apothecary is examining logs of? indulge their taste for sweets with?
Sandalwood, Stalks of Sugar Cane
51
Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time the Persian (about 980-1037 A.D.), called?
Ibn Sina/Avicenna
51
What was Ibn Sina/Avicenna profession?
Pharmacists, poet, philosopher, physicianand diplomat who is an intellectual giant.
52
He was the favorite of Persian princes and rulers, the Persian Galen.
Ibn Sina/Avicenna
52
In European countries exposed to Arabian
influence, public pharmacies began to appear in
the 17th century. However, it was not until about
1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and southern Italy, what had happened?
Pharmacy was separated from Medicine
53
Where and when was Pharmacy and Medicine separated?
In Sicily Italy, and southern italy on 1240 A.D
53
In European countries exposed to Arabian
influence, public pharmacies began to appear in what century?
17th century
54
He was the Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between Oriental and Occidental worlds.
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
54
What happened in King Frederick II Hohenstaufen's palace?
He presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional practice.
55
The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in?
Florence
55
It was originally written in Italian and published that became the leagl standard forthe city in 1498.
Nuovo Receptario
55
One of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations.
The collaboration between the guild of apothecaries and medical society.
56
The professional groups received official advice and guidance from who?
The powerful dominican monk, savonarola. who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence.
56
Trade in drug and spices was lucrative in what age?
Middle Ages
56
The drugs and spices was monopolized by what guild?
Guild of Grocers
57
Who was flanked by two beefeaters?
King James I
57
The period where Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has come to be recognized as of the great professions. Like Medicine, it has come through many revolutions, has learned many things, had to discard many of its older ways.
Pharmacy Today and Tomorrow
58
This are the professionals who are among the community's finest educated people
Pharmacists
(Pharmacy Today and Tomorrow)
58
Who persuaded King James I to not punish the beefeaters?
Francis Bacon
(The Society of Apothecaries in London)
59
Instead of punishment, what did King James I granted?
Charter in 1617
59
Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably
were first observed by? In what year?
Pasteur in 1877
59
What happened to the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic era?
A new and dramatic departure in the production of disease fighting drugs.
59
Who discovered Penicillin in 1929?
Alexander Fleming
60
In what year did Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin undeveloped?
1929
60
Who continued to study the undeveloped Penicllin left by Fleming?
Florey and Chain
61
What certain event in history gave pressure to pharmaceutical manufaturer that rapidly adapted mass production methods to penicillin; have reduced costs to 1/1000th the original
World War II
62
Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry
apart from retail Pharmacy had its beginnings
about what year?
1600; really got under way in the middle
1700's.
63
Where was Pharmaceutical manufacturing first developed? Followed by what countries?
Germany followed by England and France
64
It was the child of wars - born in the Revolution; grew rapidly during and following the Civil War; became independent of Europe during World War I; came of age during and following World War II.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
65
What period or topic is where the utilization of latest technical advances from every branch of science, manufacturing Pharmacy economically develops and produces the latest and greatest in drugs in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may prescribe them and pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Comes of Age
66
In 1883 it gave impetus and inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically useful compounds.
Chemical Synthesis of
Antipyrine
67
In what year was the chemical synthesis of
antipyrine gave impetus and
inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically useful compounds.
1883
68
Who started the Pharmaceutical Research? They dominated the field until World War I, the lead in pharmaceutical research passed thereafter to the United States.
Germans
69
Research in Pharmacy came into its own in what year?
Late 1930's and early 1940's
70
Today it used techniques and trained personnel
from every branch of science in the unending
search for new lifesaving and life-giving drug
products.
Pharmaceutical Research
71
This is the period where One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease causing organisms
The Development of Chemotherapy
72
A French pharmacist who was a successful researcher in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body was the French.
Ernest Francois auguste Fourneau
73
For how many years did Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau become head in chemical laboratories in what place?
30years in Institute of Pasteur, Paris
73
What two compounds did Ernest Fourneau works on in the advance treatment for syphilis.
Bismuth and Arsenic
74
Francis Fourrneau broke the German secret of a specific for? That paved the way to what lifesaving compound?
Sleep Sickness thatpaves the way for Sulfonamide Compounds
75
In 1894 who were the people that announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin?
Behring and Roux
76
They are the pioneers of the serum that became available in 1895, and lives of
thousands of children were saved
Parke, Davis & Company
76
What was the first step of many in producing antitoxin in 1903?
Inoculation of horses with diphtheria toxin.
77
In 1903, Parke, Davis received what?
U.S. Biological License No. 1.
78
Improved biological products have continued to become available, climaxed in 1955 by?
Poliomyelitis vaccine
78
Pharmacal Invetor - One of those men singularly gifted in combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and with inventive genius was the French retail pharmacist.
Stanislas Limousin (1831-1887)
79
Greatest contributions of Stanislas Limousin other than Medicine Dropper and such?
Perfection of apparatus for the
inhalation and therapeutic administration of
oxygen.
invention of glass ampoules that
could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of
solutions for hypodermic use.
79
What did Stanislas Limousin contributed to Pharmacy?
Medicine Dropper
The System Coloring of Poison (such as corrosive sublimate)
Wafer Sachets (which
found favor prior to mass production of the
gelatin capsule).
79
Scientific adventurer who opened vast new horizons for the advancement of Pharmacy and Medicine, late in the nineteenth century.
Hurd Rusby
80
Dr. Rusby crossed the Andes and journeyed down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hardships. He Sent by Parke, Davis & Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies of?
Coca leaves
81
How many botanical specimens did Dr. Hurd Rusby came back with? Including cocillana Bark
45,000 botanical specimen
81
After Dr. Rusby then became a dean of what university?
College of Pharmacy of Columbia University
82
He was the as the firm's Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloidal assay.
Dr. Albert Brown Lyons
82
What topic or period was Hurd Rusby?
Wresting the Jungle's Secrets
82
Plant drugs varied widely in what active content?
Alkaloidal and Glucosidal
82
Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of
his work, and in 1883, announced a list of twenty
standardized ?
Normal Liquids
82
Parke, Davis & Company introduced standardized?
Liquor Ergotae Purificatus in 1879.
82
Why was United State Pharmacopoeia in danger?
Dissolution due to the lack of interest of the medical profession.
83
It was the work of the medical profession. It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's acceptance.
The first United States Pharmacopoeia (1820)
83
He aunched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868, critical attention was aroused because he abandoned the traditional requirement of pregraduation apprenticeship.
Dr. Albert B. Prescott
83
Who were the people the established Commitee on Revision?
Chairmanned by Hospital Pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. Squibb
83
Who is the manufacturing pharmacist
as well as physician, that took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention?
Dr. Edward R. Squibb
83
When Pharmacopoeia comes of age, Pharmacists formed what? It was an indefatigable collaborator. Where the "U.S. Pharmacopoeia" surged to new importance.
Committee on Revision
83
Michigan course pioneered other
major changes which is?
Laboratory Pharmacy
83
Dr. Albert B. Prescott he was denied
credentials and ostracized on what association?
American Pharmaceutical Association
83
Where did William Procter, Jr., graduated from? In what year?
The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837
83
In what year did William Procter Jr. died?
1874
84
For 22 years, William Procter Jr. was the editor of?
American Journal Pharmacy
84
Who founded American Pharmaceutical Association and the Father of American Pharmacy?
William Procter Jr.
84
84
Over the years, no real discord has existed between representatives of European and American Pharmacy so far as ethical and scientific aims are concerned. What period was this?
European and American Pharmacy Meet
84
He leads the delegates of The
American Pharmaceutical Association in hte European and American Pharmacy Meet
William Procter Jr.
84
At what year did William retired from publication?
1869
85
The association was opened membership to "All
pharmacists and druggists" of
good character who
subscribed to its Constitution and to its Code of
Ethics.
85
Where and when was Second International Congress of Pharmacy happened?
Paris, France, August 21 to 24, 1867
85
What did William Procter Jr. declared in the European and American Meet?
He declared vividly documented the American Way of Pharmacy.
85
was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century
Shaker label
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
85
Under leadership of its first President of American Pharmaceutical Association
Daniel B. Smith
86
launched The American
Pharmaceutical
Association
20 delegates
THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
86
first Secretary of the american pharmaceutical association
William Procter Jr
86
Need for better intercommunication among
pharmacists; standards for education and
apprenticeship; and quality control of imported
drugs, led to
convention of
representative pharmacists in the Hall of the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, October 6-8,
1852.
THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
87
The medicinal herbs was then sold to?
pharmacists and physicians world-wide.
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
87
The Shakers gathered or cultivated some
200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
87
isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in
1817
CAVENTOU, PELLETIER, AND QUINNE
88
After gaining fame, where did serturner relocated?
apothecary shop in Hameln
88
Taking their cue from Sertürner's alkaloidal
experiments, two French pharmacists,
Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaimé
Caventou
89
conducted a new series of bold, startling
experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck,
Serturner in 1816
89
medicinal herb industry grew, hit its peak in the
1860
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
90
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner introduced what?
give the world opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic
substances: alkaloids.
SERTÜRNER – FIRST OF THE ALKALOID CHEMISTS
90
Where is his apothecary shop?
Einbeck
90
His legacy in defining what ultimately became the roles of
U.S. Army Medical Service Corps
pharmacists and medical logistics officers is
commemorated by the Association of Military
Surgeons of the United States,
90
Swedish pharmacist Scheele paved the way for
isolating organic plant acids; but it remained for whom?
young German apothecary Friedrich Wilhelm
Adam Sertürner,
90
Andrew Craigie (1754-1819) is best known for
serving as the first Apothecary General of the
Continental
Army during the American
Revolution.
CRAIGIE – AMERICA’S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL
90
the Continental Congress created
"an hospital" (the forerunner of the U.S. Army's
medical department) for its army of 20,000
soldiers.
July 27 1775
CRAIGIE – AMERICA’S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL
91
recognizes a federal government pharmacist each year with the
Andrew Craigie Award
91
Serturner conducted a series of?
series of physiologic tests on himself
and three young friends.
92
is best known for
serving as the first Apothecary General of the
Continental
Army during the American
Revolution.
Andrew Craigie (1754-1819)
92
Scheele is a rare genius, he
made thousands of experiments, discovered?
oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid,
tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin,
and countless other organic compounds
92
gave to the world discoveries that have brought
its people incalculable advantages
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
SCHEELE – GREATEST OF THE
PHARMACISTS - CHEMISTS
92
Scheele began in?
a corner of the stock room of Unicorn
Apothecary in Gothenburg.
93
Successor of jonathan roberts that impact upon Pharmacy and
Medicine influenced changes that were to
become of importance to the development of
professional pharmacy in North America.?
John Morgan (1755-1756)
93
Encouraged by enlightened preceptors, all of his
discoveries were made in the
Swedish pharmacists in which he worked, as apprentice, as
clerk, and finally as owner, in Koping.
SCHEELE - GREATEST OF THE PHARMACISTS
93
What did John Morgan advocated?
prescription writing
93
First Hospital Pharmacist was
Jonathan Roberts
93
The ingenuity of
Benjamin Franklin
94
Christopher earned the title of
The Fighting Quaker
Marshall Apothecary
95
names of christopher marshall's sons
Charles and Christopher Jr.
95
the first Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in what year and where
set up temporary in Kinsey house in 1752 while the hospital is being built
95
Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania)
was established in?
Philadelphia in 1751
First Hospital in colonial america
95
America's first woman
pharmacist.
Elizabeth
95
the marshall apothecary was managed by his granddaughter
Elizabeth
96
During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a"practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution;
The Marshall Apothecary
96
He is first Governor
of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of
Boston.
John Winthrop
96
Governor Winthrop, unable to induce
professionals to the Colony, sought advice from?
English apothecaries and physicians
The governor who healed the sick
96
an Irish immigrant,
established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia
Christopher Marshall in 1729
Marshall Apothecary
96
Many Europeans "of quality and wealth,
particularly those who were nonconformists in
religion" were attracted to?
possibilities of the
American Colonies.
The governor who healed the sick
97
After the habitation was destroyed, where did Hebert returned to?
his parisian apothecary shop
97
a name that gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada.
Hebert's green thumb
97
The build habitation was destroyed by and in what year?
English,1613
97
Hebert and his family returned to London when?
1617, from champlain to quebac
97
Hebert examined
specimens of drug plants offered by Micmac indians that includes?
Arum, (Jack-in-the-pulpit),
Eupatorium (Boneset), Verbascum (Mullein), and
Hydrastis (Golden Seal
98
In his home (about 1640), he made available as
best he could the
"art and mystery" of the
apothecary for his citizens.
THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK
99
Hebert examined
specimens of drug plants offered by whom?
Micmac Indians.
99
who looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens?
Louis Hebert
99
Louis Hebert help de monts and champlain to build what in 1605 and where?
new france's first settlement, the habitation, in port royal (nova scotia, canada)
100
Louis Hebert helped whom to build the new france's first settlement?
De monts and Champlain
100
Who answered the call of the new world?
Young Parisian Apothecary Louis Hebert IN 1605
100
What was the name of company that was formed after the grand of King James I and known as the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world?
Masters, wardens and society of the art and mystery of the apothecaries of the city of London
Society of Apothecaries
101
How many pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United States ?
68 pharmacists
101
Medicinal herbs was commercially important by?
- 1830
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
101
First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs was carried
on by the
United Society of Believers in Christ's
Second Appearing/Shakers/1820
THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
102
What happened in the second meeting?
- the pharmacists
voted formation of: an association, which became
The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; a school of
pharmacy; and a self-policing board/ march 13 1821
102
AMERICAN PHARMACY Faced with two major threats;
deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and a discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty.
AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS FOUNDATION
102
in their laboratory in the back of a
Parisian apothecary shop, they tackled the
problem that had baffled scientists for decades
secrets of the Peruvian barks that
were so useful against malaria.
CAVENTOU, PELLETIER, AND QUINNE
102
the pharmacists of Philadelphia
held a tempestuous protest meeting in
Carpenters' Hall, February 23, 1821
AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS FOUNDATIONS
103
Caventou and Pelletier announced the
methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona bark
1820
104
strychnine and brucine from nux vomica in
1818
CAVENTOU, PELLETIER, AND QUINNE
104
104
Instead of punishment, what did King James I granted?
Charter in 1617
105
The drugs and spices was monopolized by what guild?
Guild of Grocers
105
Who persuaded King James I to not punish the beefeaters?
Francis Bacon
"The Society of Apothecaries"
105
Trade in drugs and spiceswas lucrative in what age?
Middle Ages
105
Who was flanked by two beefeaters?
King James I
106
The professional groups received official advice and guidance from who?
The powerful dominican monk, savonarola
