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Mind,Body, and Soul Flashcards

(47 cards)

1
Q

What is Substance Dualism?

A

Descartes theory that humans are made up of two distinct parts the non-physical mind and the physical body.

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2
Q

Monism/ Materialist

A

No separation between the soul and body with materialist saying it can be fully explained through physical behaviour

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3
Q

What view did Plato take?

A

Dualism

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4
Q

what is Plato’s theory of opposites?

A

He often deals with Form and Particulars, knowledge vs. opinion, philosopher vs non-philosopher - this dual aspect idea links to humans

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5
Q

What did plato say is more important and why?

A

The mind is more important because the body is part of the empirical world and therefore is subject to change - cannot be relied on. Mind allows us to gain knowledge which is more important

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6
Q

What is the problem with the body according to plato?

A

It distracts us from real purpose (philosophical thought)

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7
Q

Why is the body a prison for the soul - plato?

A

Stops the should from achieving it purpose because the should is unchanging and capable of knowledge.

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8
Q

what does the analogy of the charioteer show?

A

There are 3 aspects within the soul - reason, appetite and spirit and the soul/mind works best when reason (charioteer) is in charge and there is a balance between appetite and spirit.

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9
Q

Past: Where was the soul before it was in the body?

A

in the WoF before it got pulled down by appetite to earth

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10
Q

Present: What does the soul do on earth?

A

Incarnated in the body and experiences all the tension between the body and soul - the soul is liberated from the body upon death

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11
Q

What is the Theory of Recollection?

A

We can remember things from the WoF - why we know when things are better than others as we have a rough idea what particulars are closer to the Form.

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12
Q

Future: What happens to the soul upon death

A

It will be freed from the body and reincarnated until it is freed to the world of the forms once it has leaned to be perfect - Myth of Er

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13
Q

What does Aristotle believe?

A

He is a monist meaning he believes that there is body and soul but they are not separate they are together inseparable.

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14
Q

What does Aristotle say about the WoF?

A

That is it not necessary everything can be explained through observation.

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15
Q

What does he mean by the soul is a form of the body? - Aristotle

A

It is a description of the essence of the body - our personalities and abilities. not a prison but essential - ‘we are body and soul’

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16
Q

explain the examples of the axe and the eye?

A

If the body was the axe then the should would be its ability to chop same with the eye the body is its physical shape and the soul is the ability to see.

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17
Q

What do the examples of the axe and eye show?

A

The body and soul are inseparable one cannot exist without the other.

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18
Q

What does Aristotle mean by hierarchy of being?

A

life on earth are made up of different parts - vegetables only have the vegetive element, animals have the vegetive and appetite (includes movement and desire) and humans have these two plus reason which is what separates us from them. - idea has been influential in religious thought

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19
Q

Counter to Plato - Subjective qualities

A

Hume states that qualities like goodness and beauty are subjective so they are not from the WoF - but plato can still be right with the math example

20
Q

Counter to plato - recreation of Perfection

A

we can recreate perfection through abstract negation - We can imagine perfect circles as ‘not perfect’ creating the idea of perfection - we can explain perfect concepts without the realm of forms or the soul

21
Q

Counter to plato - inductive leap about WoF

A

Even if we were born with perfect concepts it does not prove the existence of the WoF especially with the introduction of evolution.

22
Q

Benefits of Plato - Gives purpose

A

If we believe the soul moves on and there is goal to get to the WoF it provides us with purpose in this life.

23
Q

Benefits of Plato - human complexity

A

Plato tripartite view and the analogy of the charioteer explains why people have varying levels of reason and why some are better than others (serial killers)

24
Q

Benefits of Plato - past life experiences

A

We have evidence of reincarnation through past lives.

25
Counter to Aristotle - allows no afterlife
Allows no afterlife which contradicts religious beliefs and removes purpose
26
Counter to Aristotle - The disabled
If the soul gives purpose to the body what about disabled people, is there an issue with their soul.
27
Plato argument for dualism - Innate knowledge
The soul is needed to explain a-priori knowledge. He uses the example of the slave boy who with the right questions can come up with Pythagoras' theorem, this with our innate knowledge proves we have an preexisting soul.
28
Counter to Plato's Argument - innate knowledge
The dialogue between the boy and socrates contains leading questions and the argument relies on the existence of forms which is improvable.
29
Plato argument for Dualism - The linguistic Argument
Distinction between how we speak about the soul - 'I am happy' or 'I am thinking' compared to how we talk about the body - 'I have a body' like how you would say I have a house - creating a separation between the user and the used.
30
Counter to Plato's Argument - The linguistic Argument
This could be considered to be reading too much into language as I might also say 'I have a headache' or 'I have an idea'
31
Descartes substance dualism - Logical Privacy?
No one other than me can know my thoughts
32
Non-spacial meaning?
Whilst disputed by materialist, it means that our conscious takes up no space.
33
Descartes argument for Dualism - doubt
We can doubt the body - 3 fold reasoning: his senses are unreliable, often hard to differentiate between reality or dream, an evil demon could be creating an illusion. but we cannot doubt that we are thinking because of cogito meaning 'I think, therefore I am' because even if we are wrong the very act of thinking proves there is a thinker. we then use Leibniz law because properties are not the same they must be separate
34
what is Leibniz Law?
Two identical substances must have the same properties
35
Counter to Descartes - Doubt
Masked man Fallacy, it may be possible to doubt that my father is the robber but is impossible to doubt that my father is married to my mother - both can be true. - wether we are able to doubt something is not a property of the thing rather of our own mind
36
Descartes argument for Dualism - indivisibility argument
p1. Physical substances are divisible seen through the Wax Analogy. p2. the mind is non-divisible (non-extended) - proof through cogito (thinking thing) P3. Leibniz law states that two substances must have the same properties to be the same C1. The mind and body cannot be the same.
37
Counter to Descartes - Indivisibility argument (separating the mind)
Some ate the time claim you can separate the mind into memories/ feelings. weak - he means consciousness our sense of awareness - this is what is undivided
38
Counter to Descartes - indivisibility argument (personality disorders)
Modern science points to multiple personality disorder as a division of the brain. Weak - not a division but rather a transition form one personality to another - not simultaneous
39
Counter to Descartes - Indivisibility argument (Separate hemispheres)
the brain has separate hemispheres which can be separated seen through the treatment for epilepsy brain has been divided. Example: food in hand example and hugging wife example.
40
Materialism - Dawkins
Can be explained through physical interactions - the soul was a convenient and now dated explanation. He allows the idea of the soul as the 'intellectual or spiritual power' seen in the Oxford definition because it is clear it is not separate to the body. Supporter of Neuroscience.
41
Materialism - Gilbert Ryle
mind body problem stems from thinking the mind is a 'thing' either physical or non-physical. - called Descartes theory the 'dogma of the ghost and the machine' and is making categorical mistake - there is only human behaviour (through science) Example of the Oxford visitor - student takes tour and sees building but asks where the actual university is? making the same mistake as Descartes assuming the mind is something extra.
42
Materialism - Blackmore
studies out-of-body experience and began to grow skeptical and ended up rejecting it entirely. just as genes can be explained through evolution our minds can be explained through memes ( cultural ideas that stick through evolution)
43
Neuroscience - rejection of Dualism
Progress through research - we know how the brain functions with memories and emotions. conciseness is affected by brain chemistry (depression can be changed through medicine) Dawkins believed that science can explain the brain fully.
44
Counter to Neuroscience - Qualia
Actual feeling of conscious experience cannot be explained through third-party knowledge. individual experience
45
Problem of interaction - Counter to dualism
How can the non-physical interact with the physical? they are incompatible substances - example of the ghost riding the bike no non-physical thing could apply pressure to the pedal
46
Category mistake (Ryle) - Counter to dualism
Thinking about the mind in the wrong way. use the Cambridge/ Oxford visitor example.
47
Simplicity - counter to Dualism
The should being explained as materially part of the brain is the simplest reasoning. Ockham's razor - the simplest explanation is often the right one why would there be two parts of us and one which is impossible to empirically investigate when nothing else in the world is.