Mineralogy (Done) Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
The study of the minerals; the building blocks of rocks.
A
Mineralogy
2
Q
It deals with the chemical composition of minerals and the determination of their chemical constituents.
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Chemical Mineralogy
3
Q
It deals with the form and various properties of crystalline substance.
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Crystallography
4
Q
It deals with the various physical properties of minerals.
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Physical Mineralogy
5
Q
It refers to descriptions of individual mineral species including chemical, crystallographic, and general physical characters.
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Descriptive Mineralogy
6
Q
A division which includes the methods for identification.
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Determinative Mineralogy
7
Q
A homogeneous body bounded by smooth plane surfaces which are external expressions of an internal orderly structure.
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Crystal
8
Q
A mode of crystallization where crystals form by evaporation
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By Solution
9
Q
A mode of crystallization where crystals form by freezing or similar mechanism
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By Fusion
10
Q
A mode of crystallization where crystals form by sublimation
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By Vapors
11
Q
The degree of mineralization composed of fine-grained crystals requiring needs microscope
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Cryptocrystalline
12
Q
The degree of mineralization composed entirely of glass
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Holohyaline
13
Q
When rock is composed entirely of crystals
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Holocrystalline
14
Q
When rock is composed of a mixture of sands and glass.
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Merocrystalline
15
Q
A set of point groups (group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point).
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Crystal System
16
Q
All 3 axes are inclined towards each other but not of the same length (Labradorite, Kyanite, Feldspar, Rhodonite).
a ≠ b ≠ c, α ≠ β ≠ γ
A
Triclinic/ Isometric
17
Q
3 axes where 2 angles are at right angles, and 3rd axis in inclined with at different lengths (Gypsum).
a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90°, β ≠ 90°
A
Monoclinic
18
Q
3 axes at right angles to each other but at different lengths (Topaz)
a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ= 90°
A
Orthorhombic
19
Q
It has no angles equal to 90°, but all sides are of equal length
a = b = c, α = β = γ ≠ 90°
A
Trigonal/ Rhombohedral
20
Q
4 axes, 3 axes at the same length and are one plane (Beryl, Apatite).
a = b ≠ c, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°
A
Hexagonal
21
Q
3 axes where the main axis varies in length either short or long and 2 axes lie in the same plane and are of the same length (Pyrite).
a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ= 90°
A
Tetragonal
22
Q
All 3 angles intersect at right angles and has equal length (Silver, Diamond, Gold, and Garnet).
a=b=c, α = β = γ = 90°
A
Cubic
23
Q
The ability of a mineral to reflect light
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Luster
24
Q
This shines like wax (Jade and Chalcedony).
A
Waxy
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Iridescent, like a pearl, consists of thin transparent coplanar sheets (Muscovite and Stilbite)
Pearly
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Like a silk, have a parallel arrangement of extremely fine fibers (Asbestos, Satin spar Gypsum)
Silky
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It shines like broken glass; occurs in transparent and translucent minerals (Calcite, Quartz, Topaz, Beryl)
Vitreous
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It shines like it were coated with oil; abundant with microscopic inclusions (Opal, Jadeite).
Greasy
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It shines like a hardened tree sap (Amber).
Resinous
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It shines minimally to none due to coarse granulation (Kaolinite).
Dull
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It shines bright like a diamond that possess a superlative luster; transparent and translucent with high refractive index (Diamond, Cerrusite, Zircon, Cubic Zirconia)
Adamantine
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It has a similar luster with metals but duller and less reflective. (Sphalerite, Cinnabar, Cuprite)
Sub-metallic
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This refers to the mineral’s ability to transmit light
Diaphaneity
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Objects are visible when viewed through a mineral.
Transparency
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Light, but not an image, is transmitted through a mineral.
Translucency
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No light is transmitted, even on the thinnest edges.
Opaqueness
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It is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. This is tested using a streak plate to also determine its luster.
Streak
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It refers to the shape of the mineral or its aggregates
Habit
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Needle-like crystal habit (Natrolite, Actinolite, silimanite)
Acicular
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It forms like hair of thin crystals. (Millerite)
Capillary/ Filiform
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Tree-like crystals growing similar to branches (Silver, Copper, Gold)
Arborescent
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Rounded, finely banded deposits with irregular concentric protuberances (Agate, Barite, Sphalerite)
Colloform/ Nodular/ Tuberose
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Circular ring aggregates around a center. It is found in cross-section from reniform/ mammillary habits (Quartz, Malachite, Rhodochrosite).
Concentric
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Root-like branching in one or more direction form central point (Copper, Magnesite, Silver)
Dendritic
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Aggregates characterized coating a surface or cavity usually found in geodes and fossils
Drusy/ Encrustation
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Extremely slender prisms forming muscle-like fibers (Baryte, Asbestos, Gypsum, Kyanite, Serpentine Group)
Fibrous/ Asbestiform
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Layered crystal planes, parting to thin sheets (Hematite, Biotite, Muscovite, Molybdenite)
Foliated/ Micaceous/ Lamellar
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Aggregates of diminute anhedral crystals in matrix of other surface (Andradite, Bornite, Scheelite, Uvarovite)
Granular
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Outer portions of cubes grow faster than inner portions, creating a concavity similar to a hopper (Artificial Bismuth, Halite, Galena)
Hopper
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Small circumferences or grains similar to fish eggs (Calcite, Aragonite)
Oolithic
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Rounded concentric nodules often found in sedimentary rock, larger than oolithic (Bauxite, Calcite, Aragonite)
Pisolithic
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Flat, tablet-shaped, prominent pinacoid (Baryte, Feldspar, Topaz, Vanadinite)
Platy/ Tabular/ Blocky
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Fine-feather like scales (Okenite)
Plumose
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Radiating outward from a central point without producing a star (Epidote, Pyrophyllite, Stibnite)
Radial/ Radiating/ Divergent
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Crystals forming triangular net-like intergrowths (Cerrusite, Rutile)
Reticulated
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Platy, radiating rose-like aggregate (Gypsum, Calcite)
Rosette/ Lenticular
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Forming as stalactites or stalagmite (Chalcedony, Chrysocolla, Goethite, Malachite)
Stalactitic
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Star-like, radial fibers found inside spherical habits mammilary, reniform (Hematite)
Stellated
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Asymmetric, similar to almonds (Stilbite, Zircon)
Amygadaloidal
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Shapeless, no distinctive external crystal shape (Turquoise, Cinnabar, Realgar)
Massive/ Compact
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Cube-shaped (Fluorite, Pyrite, Galena, Halite)
Cubic
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Elongate, prism-like with may or may not have excellent crystal faces (beryl, tourmaline)
Prismatic
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Grape-like, large and small hemispherical masses separated from each other (Calcite, Chalcedony, Halite, Smithsonite)
Botryoidal
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Isolated hemisphere or spheres (Calcite, Fluorite)
Globular
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Breast-like; larger version of botryoidal and/or reniform, concentric layered aggregates (Chalcedony, Hematite, Malachite)
Mammillary
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Irregular kidney-shaped spherical masses (Malachite, Cassiterite, Smithsonite, Fluorite)
Reniform
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It refers to the mineral's toughness or its resistance to breaking
Tenacity
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A type of mineral tenacity where the mineral crushes to angular fragments
Brittle
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A mineral can be modified in shape without breaking and can be flattened to a thin sheet (copper, gold).
Malleable
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The mineral can be cut with a knife into thin shavings (talc).
Sectile
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The ability of a mineral to resist abrasion/ scratching
Hardness
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The resistance of a sample to fracture/plastic deformation
Scratch Hardness
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a finger nail
2.5
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a copper coin
3.5
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a wire nail
4.5
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a steel of pocket knife
5
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a window glass
5.5
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Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a Steel of a File or a streak plate
6.5
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It is the resistance of a sample to material deformation due to constant compression load from a sharp object
Indentation Hardness
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It measures the indentation hardness for small parts or thin sections of metals, ceramics, and composites – almost any type of material in fact.
Vickers's Hardness Scale
81
It measures the height of the bounce of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height onto a material.
Rebound Hardness
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It the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. A mineral is said to have cleavage if it is broken into pieces of the same geometry.
Cleavage
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Cleavage surfaces are always _______ to crystal faces or possible crystal faces, and usually to those having simple relations to the crystallographic axes.
(Parallel/ Perpendicular)
Parallel
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A cleavage along a single planar direction (mica group).
Planar Cleavage/ Basal Cleavage
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There are two different cleavage directions whose lines of intersection are commonly parallel to a specific crystallographic direction (amphiboles).
Prismatic
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This results in mineral fragments that have cubic outlines on account of three cleavage directions at 90° to one another. (Blocky such as Galena and Halite)
Cubic
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This results in fragments with an external shape with six sides however the sides are not 90° to another (Calcite).
Rhombohedral
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This is the result of breakage along four different directions, caused by four sets of parallel planes, forming the shape of an octahedron (Fluorite).
Octahedral
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It refers to the splitting of a crystal along twinning/pressure planes.
Parting
90
The ability of a mineral to have its chemical bonds nearly equally strong in all directions.
Fracture
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A fracture with smooth, curved surfaces, typically slightly concave, showing concentric undulations (Quartz, Obsidian, and Flint).
Conchoidal Fracture/ Curved Fracture
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These are jagged fractures with very sharp edges.
Hackly
93
It is the mass per unit volume of a mineral; weight of a mineral and weight of an equal volume of water at 4˚.
Density
94
Most common rock-forming minerals have ______ specific gravity
2-3
95
It is the display of a star-shaped luminous area among hexagonal system (Sapphires and Rubies)
Asterism
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It has a reflectance effect like that of glitter; arises from minute, preferentially oriented mineral platelets within the material. (Fuchsite)
Aventurescence
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This display luminous bands which appears to be moving as it is rotated; parallel fibers which reflect light into a direction perpendicular to their orientation thus forming narrow bands of light. (Aquamarine, Quartz, Chrysoberyl)
Chatoyancy/ Cat's Eye
98
It is the play of rainbow-colored light caused by very thin regular structures or layers beneath the surface of a gemstone (Goethite, Labradorite, Opal).
Iridescence/ Goniochromism
99
The milky or pearly reflection from the interior of a specimen.
Opalescence/ Play of Colors
100
It happens when color of the surface differs from that of the interior (Mainly metallic minerals).
Tarnish
101
It is an optical phenomenon in which a substance has different colors when observed at different angles, especially with polarized light. (Corundum-purple, Apatite-Blue, Emerald-Green, Spodumene-Yellow, Topaz- Orange)
Pleochroism
102
It occurs when a mineral emits light not from incandescence (corundum, beryl, spinel, jadeite, and kyanite).
Luminescence
103
This property causes a mineral to “glow” in the within the visible spectrum when exposed to ultraviolet light (calcite, celestite, fluorite, sphalerite).
Phosphorescence
104
It is exhibited in fluorescent minerals where the mineral continues to glow even after the UV light source has been removed (calcite, fluorite, and sodalite).
Fluorescence
105
This happens when minerals give off yellow or orange flashes when struck (calcite, feldspar, fluorite, quartz).
Triboluminescence
106
The minerals give off a glowing light when heated (quartz, calcite , dolomite, and the feldspars).
Thermoluminescence
107
This happens when a single ray of unpolarized light entering an anisotropic medium is split into two rays travelling at different direction (calcite, zircon)
Double Refraction
108
A phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beam of X rays.
X-ray Diffraction
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The optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. It is responsible for a mineral having a double refraction.
Birefringence
110
When light is passed through a colloidal solution, it is observed that the colloidal particles do not permit the light to pass through it completely.
Tyndall Effect
111
The loss of water from the chemical structure of a mineral (gypsum to anhydrite).
Efflorescence
112
The absorption of water into the chemical structure of a mineral. (Sylvite, Carnallite)
Deliquesce
113
The ability of a mineral to develop electrical charges when exposed to temperature changes (tourmaline).
Pyroelectricity
114
The ability of a mineral to develop electrical charges when put under stress (special quartz).
Piezoelectricity
115
These refer to elements which ionize readily and form stable oxygen anions (K, Li, Mg, and REEs)
Lithophile Elements
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Elements those that ionizes less readily and thus forming covalent bonds with sulfur (Ag, As, S, Pb, Sb, Zn)
Chalcophile Element
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These elements are gaseous and present mainly in the atmosphere (H,C, N and Noble Gases)
Atmophile Elements
118
These are elements which metallic bonding is the normal condition and it does not form compounds
Siderophile Elements
119
It is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases
Goldschmidt Classification
120
This happens when crystals of 2 unrelated and chemically dissimilar minerals have largely similar habit (Rutile and Zircon).
Homeomorphism
121
It refers to the similarity in the arrangement of atoms of molecules in different substances.
Isostructure
122
It produces a similar outward crystal structure but at specific sites within a crystal a different element can be occupied (Such as Olivine where Mg and replace Fe.
Isomorphism
123
The ability of a mineral to occur in more than one type of structure as a function of changes in temperature, pressure, or both.
Polymorphism
124
This occurs when crystals of the same mineral have slightly different structures, like stacking paper in various ways
Polytypism
125
The existence of a mineral that has the appearance of another mineral.
Pseudomorphism
126
It is the basic building block of rock-forming minerals; the silicates. It is formed through covalent bonding. Through polymerization, silicates can exhibit different structures and configurations.
Silica Tetrahedra
127
The molecular structure of silicate minerals indicates the color and other properties. More oxygen shared, the percentage of silica increases, thus the color of the mineral tends to be ______.
Lighter
128
These are the simplest silicates containing discrete silica tetrahedral units (4:1 ratio).
(SiO4)^4-
Nesosilicates/ Orthosilicates
129
It is the condensation of 2 silica tetrahedra, linked by a common oxygen ion.
(Si2O7)^6-
Sorosilicates/ Pyrosilicates
130
These are ring structures where silica tetrahedra groups are not independent but united through common oxygen ions.
(SinO3n)^2n-
Cyclosilicates
131
These minerals have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra each sharing 2 oxygen. The continuous double chains of tetrahedra sharing alternately 2-3 oxygen atoms.
(SinO3n)^2n- Single Chain
[Si4nO11n]^6n− Double Chain
Inosilicates
132
These are continuous shells of tetrahedra each sharing 3 oxygen.
[Si2nO5n]^2n−
Phyllosilicates
133
This is possible by the continuous frameworks of tetrahedra with all of the 4 oxygen ions are shared. It is characterized as the highest number of silica since more oxygen ions shared is proportional to the increase of silicon
[AlxSiyO](2x+2y)]^x−
Tectosilicates
134
High temperature silicate minerals of black-green color having glassy luster and conchoidal fracture. These constitute about 50% of the upper mantle.
Olivine
135
It is similar to olivine with a tetrahedra linked by metallic ion. The colors vary from brown-red, with glassy luster, and has conchoidal fracture. This is mostly found in metamorphic rocks.
Garnets
136
The most important components of the mantle; black-opaque and forms blocky crystals. Single Chain inosilicate
Pyroxene
137
The most common member among all pyroxenes with black color, opaque luster and two cleavage planes that meet at nearly 90º angle. It is the dominant mineral of basalt.
Augite
138
A dark-green to black in color and forms elongated crystals.
Amphiboles
139
A dark-green to black mineral almost identical to Augite but it only differs in cleavage having 60-120˚ (other is 90˚) and forms elongated crystals.
Hornblende
140
It has light color and a pearly luster. It cleaves in one direction and used as a glass. This mineral is the most abundant in its family.
Muscovite
141
A dark, iron rich mineral with a sheet structure having cleavage in one direction; it is a common constituent of igneous rocks, especially granite.
Biotite
142
It consists entirely of silicon and oxygen making its bonds resistant to weathering and has conchoidal fracture.
Quartz Family
143
It has a glassy-pearly luster and the most abundant mineral known making more than 50% of the crust with quartz as second.
Feldspare
144
It is a common constituent of most granites and other felsic igneous rocks and often forms huge crystals and masses in pegmatite.
Orthoclase
145
It has a white-medium gray color which contains both sodium and calcium ions that freely replace each other during crystallization. Striations are found within cleavage planes unlike potassium feldspars.
Plagioclase Feldspar
146
These are silicates containing ions of Fe and Mg in the structure; minerals that fall into this category have a specific gravity between 3.2-3.6.
Dark Ferromagnesian Silicates
147
It contains Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium ions instead; light color is due to small amounts of Iron and Magnesium; it has a specific gravity of 2.7.
Light Ferromagnesian Silicates
148
These are the product of chemical weathering of other silicate minerals thus making up a large percent of the soil. It accounts about half the volume of sedimentary rocks.
Clay Minerals
