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Mining Engineering 3 > Mineralogy (Done) > Flashcards

Mineralogy (Done) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the minerals; the building blocks of rocks.

A

Mineralogy

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2
Q

It deals with the chemical composition of minerals and the determination of their chemical constituents.

A

Chemical Mineralogy

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3
Q

It deals with the form and various properties of crystalline substance.

A

Crystallography

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4
Q

It deals with the various physical properties of minerals.

A

Physical Mineralogy

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5
Q

It refers to descriptions of individual mineral species including chemical, crystallographic, and general physical characters.

A

Descriptive Mineralogy

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6
Q

A division which includes the methods for identification.

A

Determinative Mineralogy

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7
Q

A homogeneous body bounded by smooth plane surfaces which are external expressions of an internal orderly structure.

A

Crystal

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8
Q

A mode of crystallization where crystals form by evaporation

A

By Solution

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9
Q

A mode of crystallization where crystals form by freezing or similar mechanism

A

By Fusion

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10
Q

A mode of crystallization where crystals form by sublimation

A

By Vapors

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11
Q

The degree of mineralization composed of fine-grained crystals requiring needs microscope

A

Cryptocrystalline

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12
Q

The degree of mineralization composed entirely of glass

A

Holohyaline

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13
Q

When rock is composed entirely of crystals

A

Holocrystalline

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14
Q

When rock is composed of a mixture of sands and glass.

A

Merocrystalline

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15
Q

A set of point groups (group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point).

A

Crystal System

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16
Q

All 3 axes are inclined towards each other but not of the same length (Labradorite, Kyanite, Feldspar, Rhodonite).

a ≠ b ≠ c, α ≠ β ≠ γ
A

Triclinic/ Isometric

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17
Q

3 axes where 2 angles are at right angles, and 3rd axis in inclined with at different lengths (Gypsum).

a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90°, β ≠ 90°
A

Monoclinic

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18
Q

3 axes at right angles to each other but at different lengths (Topaz)

a ≠ b ≠ c, α = β = γ= 90°
A

Orthorhombic

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19
Q

It has no angles equal to 90°, but all sides are of equal length

a = b = c, α = β = γ ≠ 90°
A

Trigonal/ Rhombohedral

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20
Q

4 axes, 3 axes at the same length and are one plane (Beryl, Apatite).

a = b ≠ c, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°
A

Hexagonal

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21
Q

3 axes where the main axis varies in length either short or long and 2 axes lie in the same plane and are of the same length (Pyrite).

a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ= 90°
A

Tetragonal

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22
Q

All 3 angles intersect at right angles and has equal length (Silver, Diamond, Gold, and Garnet).

a=b=c, α = β = γ = 90°
A

Cubic

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23
Q

The ability of a mineral to reflect light

A

Luster

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24
Q

This shines like wax (Jade and Chalcedony).

A

Waxy

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25
Q

Iridescent, like a pearl, consists of thin transparent coplanar sheets (Muscovite and Stilbite)

A

Pearly

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26
Q

Like a silk, have a parallel arrangement of extremely fine fibers (Asbestos, Satin spar Gypsum)

A

Silky

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27
Q

It shines like broken glass; occurs in transparent and translucent minerals (Calcite, Quartz, Topaz, Beryl)

A

Vitreous

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28
Q

It shines like it were coated with oil; abundant with microscopic inclusions (Opal, Jadeite).

A

Greasy

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29
Q

It shines like a hardened tree sap (Amber).

A

Resinous

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30
Q

It shines minimally to none due to coarse granulation (Kaolinite).

A

Dull

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31
Q

It shines bright like a diamond that possess a superlative luster; transparent and translucent with high refractive index (Diamond, Cerrusite, Zircon, Cubic Zirconia)

A

Adamantine

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32
Q

It has a similar luster with metals but duller and less reflective. (Sphalerite, Cinnabar, Cuprite)

A

Sub-metallic

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33
Q

This refers to the mineral’s ability to transmit light

A

Diaphaneity

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34
Q

Objects are visible when viewed through a mineral.

A

Transparency

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35
Q

Light, but not an image, is transmitted through a mineral.

A

Translucency

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36
Q

No light is transmitted, even on the thinnest edges.

A

Opaqueness

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37
Q

It is the color of a mineral in its powdered form. This is tested using a streak plate to also determine its luster.

A

Streak

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38
Q

It refers to the shape of the mineral or its aggregates

A

Habit

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39
Q

Needle-like crystal habit (Natrolite, Actinolite, silimanite)

A

Acicular

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40
Q

It forms like hair of thin crystals. (Millerite)

A

Capillary/ Filiform

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41
Q

Tree-like crystals growing similar to branches (Silver, Copper, Gold)

A

Arborescent

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42
Q

Rounded, finely banded deposits with irregular concentric protuberances (Agate, Barite, Sphalerite)

A

Colloform/ Nodular/ Tuberose

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43
Q

Circular ring aggregates around a center. It is found in cross-section from reniform/ mammillary habits (Quartz, Malachite, Rhodochrosite).

A

Concentric

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44
Q

Root-like branching in one or more direction form central point (Copper, Magnesite, Silver)

A

Dendritic

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45
Q

Aggregates characterized coating a surface or cavity usually found in geodes and fossils

A

Drusy/ Encrustation

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46
Q

Extremely slender prisms forming muscle-like fibers (Baryte, Asbestos, Gypsum, Kyanite, Serpentine Group)

A

Fibrous/ Asbestiform

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47
Q

Layered crystal planes, parting to thin sheets (Hematite, Biotite, Muscovite, Molybdenite)

A

Foliated/ Micaceous/ Lamellar

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48
Q

Aggregates of diminute anhedral crystals in matrix of other surface (Andradite, Bornite, Scheelite, Uvarovite)

A

Granular

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49
Q

Outer portions of cubes grow faster than inner portions, creating a concavity similar to a hopper (Artificial Bismuth, Halite, Galena)

A

Hopper

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50
Q

Small circumferences or grains similar to fish eggs (Calcite, Aragonite)

A

Oolithic

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51
Q

Rounded concentric nodules often found in sedimentary rock, larger than oolithic (Bauxite, Calcite, Aragonite)

A

Pisolithic

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52
Q

Flat, tablet-shaped, prominent pinacoid (Baryte, Feldspar, Topaz, Vanadinite)

A

Platy/ Tabular/ Blocky

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53
Q

Fine-feather like scales (Okenite)

A

Plumose

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54
Q

Radiating outward from a central point without producing a star (Epidote, Pyrophyllite, Stibnite)

A

Radial/ Radiating/ Divergent

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55
Q

Crystals forming triangular net-like intergrowths (Cerrusite, Rutile)

A

Reticulated

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56
Q

Platy, radiating rose-like aggregate (Gypsum, Calcite)

A

Rosette/ Lenticular

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57
Q

Forming as stalactites or stalagmite (Chalcedony, Chrysocolla, Goethite, Malachite)

A

Stalactitic

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58
Q

Star-like, radial fibers found inside spherical habits mammilary, reniform (Hematite)

A

Stellated

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59
Q

Asymmetric, similar to almonds (Stilbite, Zircon)

A

Amygadaloidal

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60
Q

Shapeless, no distinctive external crystal shape (Turquoise, Cinnabar, Realgar)

A

Massive/ Compact

61
Q

Cube-shaped (Fluorite, Pyrite, Galena, Halite)

A

Cubic

62
Q

Elongate, prism-like with may or may not have excellent crystal faces (beryl, tourmaline)

A

Prismatic

63
Q

Grape-like, large and small hemispherical masses separated from each other (Calcite, Chalcedony, Halite, Smithsonite)

A

Botryoidal

64
Q

Isolated hemisphere or spheres (Calcite, Fluorite)

A

Globular

65
Q

Breast-like; larger version of botryoidal and/or reniform, concentric layered aggregates (Chalcedony, Hematite, Malachite)

A

Mammillary

66
Q

Irregular kidney-shaped spherical masses (Malachite, Cassiterite, Smithsonite, Fluorite)

A

Reniform

67
Q

It refers to the mineral’s toughness or its resistance to breaking

A

Tenacity

68
Q

A type of mineral tenacity where the mineral crushes to angular fragments

A

Brittle

69
Q

A mineral can be modified in shape without breaking and can be flattened to a thin sheet (copper, gold).

A

Malleable

70
Q

The mineral can be cut with a knife into thin shavings (talc).

A

Sectile

71
Q

The ability of a mineral to resist abrasion/ scratching

A

Hardness

72
Q

The resistance of a sample to fracture/plastic deformation

A

Scratch Hardness

73
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a finger nail

A

2.5

74
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a copper coin

A

3.5

75
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a wire nail

A

4.5

76
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a steel of pocket knife

A

5

77
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a window glass

A

5.5

78
Q

Mineral in the Mohs Scale, able to be scratched by a Steel of a File or a streak plate

A

6.5

79
Q

It is the resistance of a sample to material deformation due to constant compression load from a sharp object

A

Indentation Hardness

80
Q

It measures the indentation hardness for small parts or thin sections of metals, ceramics, and composites – almost any type of material in fact.

A

Vickers’s Hardness Scale

81
Q

It measures the height of the bounce of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height onto a material.

A

Rebound Hardness

82
Q

It the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. A mineral is said to have cleavage if it is broken into pieces of the same geometry.

A

Cleavage

83
Q

Cleavage surfaces are always _______ to crystal faces or possible crystal faces, and usually to those having simple relations to the crystallographic axes.

(Parallel/ Perpendicular)

A

Parallel

84
Q

A cleavage along a single planar direction (mica group).

A

Planar Cleavage/ Basal Cleavage

85
Q

There are two different cleavage directions whose lines of intersection are commonly parallel to a specific crystallographic direction (amphiboles).

A

Prismatic

86
Q

This results in mineral fragments that have cubic outlines on account of three cleavage directions at 90° to one another. (Blocky such as Galena and Halite)

A

Cubic

87
Q

This results in fragments with an external shape with six sides however the sides are not 90° to another (Calcite).

A

Rhombohedral

88
Q

This is the result of breakage along four different directions, caused by four sets of parallel planes, forming the shape of an octahedron (Fluorite).

A

Octahedral

89
Q

It refers to the splitting of a crystal along twinning/pressure planes.

A

Parting

90
Q

The ability of a mineral to have its chemical bonds nearly equally strong in all directions.

A

Fracture

91
Q

A fracture with smooth, curved surfaces, typically slightly concave, showing concentric undulations (Quartz, Obsidian, and Flint).

A

Conchoidal Fracture/ Curved Fracture

92
Q

These are jagged fractures with very sharp edges.

A

Hackly

93
Q

It is the mass per unit volume of a mineral; weight of a mineral and weight of an equal volume of water at 4˚.

A

Density

94
Q

Most common rock-forming minerals have ______ specific gravity

A

2-3

95
Q

It is the display of a star-shaped luminous area among hexagonal system (Sapphires and Rubies)

A

Asterism

96
Q

It has a reflectance effect like that of glitter; arises from minute, preferentially oriented mineral platelets within the material. (Fuchsite)

A

Aventurescence

97
Q

This display luminous bands which appears to be moving as it is rotated; parallel fibers which reflect light into a direction perpendicular to their orientation thus forming narrow bands of light. (Aquamarine, Quartz, Chrysoberyl)

A

Chatoyancy/ Cat’s Eye

98
Q

It is the play of rainbow-colored light caused by very thin regular structures or layers beneath the surface of a gemstone (Goethite, Labradorite, Opal).

A

Iridescence/ Goniochromism

99
Q

The milky or pearly reflection from the interior of a specimen.

A

Opalescence/ Play of Colors

100
Q

It happens when color of the surface differs from that of the interior (Mainly metallic minerals).

A

Tarnish

101
Q

It is an optical phenomenon in which a substance has different colors when observed at different angles, especially with polarized light. (Corundum-purple, Apatite-Blue, Emerald-Green, Spodumene-Yellow, Topaz- Orange)

A

Pleochroism

102
Q

It occurs when a mineral emits light not from incandescence (corundum, beryl, spinel, jadeite, and kyanite).

A

Luminescence

103
Q

This property causes a mineral to “glow” in the within the visible spectrum when exposed to ultraviolet light (calcite, celestite, fluorite, sphalerite).

A

Phosphorescence

104
Q

It is exhibited in fluorescent minerals where the mineral continues to glow even after the UV light source has been removed (calcite, fluorite, and sodalite).

A

Fluorescence

105
Q

This happens when minerals give off yellow or orange flashes when struck (calcite, feldspar, fluorite, quartz).

A

Triboluminescence

106
Q

The minerals give off a glowing light when heated (quartz, calcite , dolomite, and the feldspars).

A

Thermoluminescence

107
Q

This happens when a single ray of unpolarized light entering an anisotropic medium is split into two rays travelling at different direction (calcite, zircon)

A

Double Refraction

108
Q

A phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beam of X rays.

A

X-ray Diffraction

109
Q

The optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. It is responsible for a mineral having a double refraction.

A

Birefringence

110
Q

When light is passed through a colloidal solution, it is observed that the colloidal particles do not permit the light to pass through it completely.

A

Tyndall Effect

111
Q

The loss of water from the chemical structure of a mineral (gypsum to anhydrite).

A

Efflorescence

112
Q

The absorption of water into the chemical structure of a mineral. (Sylvite, Carnallite)

A

Deliquesce

113
Q

The ability of a mineral to develop electrical charges when exposed to temperature changes (tourmaline).

A

Pyroelectricity

114
Q

The ability of a mineral to develop electrical charges when put under stress (special quartz).

A

Piezoelectricity

115
Q

These refer to elements which ionize readily and form stable oxygen anions (K, Li, Mg, and REEs)

A

Lithophile Elements

116
Q

Elements those that ionizes less readily and thus forming covalent bonds with sulfur (Ag, As, S, Pb, Sb, Zn)

A

Chalcophile Element

117
Q

These elements are gaseous and present mainly in the atmosphere (H,C, N and Noble Gases)

A

Atmophile Elements

118
Q

These are elements which metallic bonding is the normal condition and it does not form compounds

A

Siderophile Elements

119
Q

It is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases

A

Goldschmidt Classification

120
Q

This happens when crystals of 2 unrelated and chemically dissimilar minerals have largely similar habit (Rutile and Zircon).

A

Homeomorphism

121
Q

It refers to the similarity in the arrangement of atoms of molecules in different substances.

A

Isostructure

122
Q

It produces a similar outward crystal structure but at specific sites within a crystal a different element can be occupied (Such as Olivine where Mg and replace Fe.

A

Isomorphism

123
Q

The ability of a mineral to occur in more than one type of structure as a function of changes in temperature, pressure, or both.

A

Polymorphism

124
Q

This occurs when crystals of the same mineral have slightly different structures, like stacking paper in various ways

A

Polytypism

125
Q

The existence of a mineral that has the appearance of another mineral.

A

Pseudomorphism

126
Q

It is the basic building block of rock-forming minerals; the silicates. It is formed through covalent bonding. Through polymerization, silicates can exhibit different structures and configurations.

A

Silica Tetrahedra

127
Q

The molecular structure of silicate minerals indicates the color and other properties. More oxygen shared, the percentage of silica increases, thus the color of the mineral tends to be ______.

A

Lighter

128
Q

These are the simplest silicates containing discrete silica tetrahedral units (4:1 ratio).

(SiO4)^4-

A

Nesosilicates/ Orthosilicates

129
Q

It is the condensation of 2 silica tetrahedra, linked by a common oxygen ion.

(Si2O7)^6-

A

Sorosilicates/ Pyrosilicates

130
Q

These are ring structures where silica tetrahedra groups are not independent but united through common oxygen ions.

(SinO3n)^2n-

A

Cyclosilicates

131
Q

These minerals have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedra each sharing 2 oxygen. The continuous double chains of tetrahedra sharing alternately 2-3 oxygen atoms.

(SinO3n)^2n- Single Chain
[Si4nO11n]^6n− Double Chain

A

Inosilicates

132
Q

These are continuous shells of tetrahedra each sharing 3 oxygen.

[Si2nO5n]^2n−

A

Phyllosilicates

133
Q

This is possible by the continuous frameworks of tetrahedra with all of the 4 oxygen ions are shared. It is characterized as the highest number of silica since more oxygen ions shared is proportional to the increase of silicon

AlxSiyO]^x−

A

Tectosilicates

134
Q

High temperature silicate minerals of black-green color having glassy luster and conchoidal fracture. These constitute about 50% of the upper mantle.

A

Olivine

135
Q

It is similar to olivine with a tetrahedra linked by metallic ion. The colors vary from brown-red, with glassy luster, and has conchoidal fracture. This is mostly found in metamorphic rocks.

A

Garnets

136
Q

The most important components of the mantle; black-opaque and forms blocky crystals. Single Chain inosilicate

A

Pyroxene

137
Q

The most common member among all pyroxenes with black color, opaque luster and two cleavage planes that meet at nearly 90º angle. It is the dominant mineral of basalt.

A

Augite

138
Q

A dark-green to black in color and forms elongated crystals.

A

Amphiboles

139
Q

A dark-green to black mineral almost identical to Augite but it only differs in cleavage having 60-120˚ (other is 90˚) and forms elongated crystals.

A

Hornblende

140
Q

It has light color and a pearly luster. It cleaves in one direction and used as a glass. This mineral is the most abundant in its family.

A

Muscovite

141
Q

A dark, iron rich mineral with a sheet structure having cleavage in one direction; it is a common constituent of igneous rocks, especially granite.

A

Biotite

142
Q

It consists entirely of silicon and oxygen making its bonds resistant to weathering and has conchoidal fracture.

A

Quartz Family

143
Q

It has a glassy-pearly luster and the most abundant mineral known making more than 50% of the crust with quartz as second.

A

Feldspare

144
Q

It is a common constituent of most granites and other felsic igneous rocks and often forms huge crystals and masses in pegmatite.

A

Orthoclase

145
Q

It has a white-medium gray color which contains both sodium and calcium ions that freely replace each other during crystallization. Striations are found within cleavage planes unlike potassium feldspars.

A

Plagioclase Feldspar

146
Q

These are silicates containing ions of Fe and Mg in the structure; minerals that fall into this category have a specific gravity between 3.2-3.6.

A

Dark Ferromagnesian Silicates

147
Q

It contains Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium ions instead; light color is due to small amounts of Iron and Magnesium; it has a specific gravity of 2.7.

A

Light Ferromagnesian Silicates

148
Q

These are the product of chemical weathering of other silicate minerals thus making up a large percent of the soil. It accounts about half the volume of sedimentary rocks.

A

Clay Minerals

Mining Engineering 3 (13 decks)

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