Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

geology > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

define element

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

9 most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust

A

Oxygen 46.6% sodium 2.8%
silicon 27.7% pottasium 2.59%
aluminium 8.13% magnesium 2.09%
iron 5% other <1.5%
calcium 3.63%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 requirements for something to be a mineral

A

1.exists as a solid in normal conditions
2.must be naturally occurring
3.inorganic
4.fixed chemical formular
5.atoms must be arranged in a orderly crystalline structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mineral examples

A

Quartz, Mica, Diamond, Talc, Sulfur, Graphite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Formation of minerals

A

minerals form from liquid
the liquid is usually molten material
if it cools quickly there are smaller crystals formed
if it cools slowly bigger crystals occur as the haven’t had as much time to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do minerals grow

A

they grow from the center outwards
they have a definite shape
they grow by adding faces
the angle between the faces always stays the same
if they form in a void they will have a well defined shape if the meet another mineral it will form a grain boundary and the shape will look irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define a rock

A

a aggregate of 1 or more minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common crystal habits

A

Isometric e.g. diamond
Hexagonal e.g. emerald
tetragonal e.g. wulfinite
Trigonal e.g. quartz
Orthorhomnic e.g. topaz
monoclinic e.g. malachite
triclinic e.g. feldspar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some characteristics of rock forming minerals?
part 1

A

Colour- diff minerals have diff colours
streak- residue left by a mineral when dragged across a streak plate
lustre- the ability of a crystal to reflect light metallic, dull, pearly, vitreous, silky
shape- diff mineral have diff shapes due to the arrangements of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some characteristics of rock forming minerals?
part 2

A

cleavage and fracture- some minerals have cleavage planes/ planes of weakness some have more than 1
hardness- diff minerals have diff hardness
density-diff minerals have diff densities
reaction with acid- some minerals react with acid (weak HCl) if so they will fizz or bubble.Carbonate minerals react

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mohs hardness scale

A

1.talc 1-2 fingernail
2.gypsum
3.calcite 3- 2p coin
4.fluorite 4-5 steel blade
5.apatite
6.feldspar 6-steel blade sometimes
7.quartz 7-10 scratch glass
8.topaz
9.corundum
10.diamond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to carry out a hardness test

A

Find a flat surface of unknown mineral
take the reference material and find sharp edge/corner
drag ref material across the unknown mineral
if a scratch is produced unknown is softer than ref, if not it is harder
select the next hardness ref material up or down the scale and repeat test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how to measure mineral density

A

zero the balance
place sample on balance + record mass
put know volume of water in measuring cylinder
place sample in the water
record new water level reading
dispalcment=volume of sample (1ml=1cm³)
then calculate density using D=M/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cation definition

A

a positively charged ion (lost electron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anion

A

a negatively charge ion (gain electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Silica tetrahedron structure and charge

A

Silicon and oxygen atoms are attracted to each other because they can share electron
covalent bond- sharing electrons forms covalent bonds
A tetrahedron is a triangular pyramid
A Silica tetrahedron is made up of 1 Silicon atom and 4 oxygen atoms (SiO4‐⁴)
Oxygen in the corners and silicon in the middle each oxygen shared 1 electron with silicon so it has a full outer shell but oxygen has a spare electron causing the Silica tetrahedron to have a 4- charge overall

17
Q

single tetrahedra

A

simplest silicate mineral structure is the single tetrahedron
An example of a mineral with this structure is olivine
The tetrahedron are not directly bonded to eachother other elements join or link them together

18
Q

Silica tetrahedron Chains

A

Silica tetrahedra can form chains
when each tetrahedron shares 2 of its oxygen atoms
shares 2 electron on 1 oxygen corner
When Silica tetrahedron shares some of its electrons this is called bridging oxygen
Chains still have not achieved a balanced charge
e.g. Pyroxene

19
Q

Silica tetrahedron double chain

A

in a double chain some of Silica tetrahedra form 3 bridging oxygen and some form 2 bridging oxygen
when 2 single chains are combined we form a double bond chain structure
e.g hornblend

20
Q

Silica tetrahedron sheets

A

sheet structure form when each tetrahedra forms 3 bridging oxygen at 3/4 point
e.g Mica
Minerals with a sheet structure have bonds that form to hold the sheets together but those bonds are usually very weak
These minerals have a good cleavage

21
Q

Silica tetrahedra framework

A

form when all 4 O form bridging O/ are shared by adjacent tetrahedra
Minerals with this structure tend to be strong and hard ad they are strongly bonded in every direction
e.g. Quartz

22
Q

polymerization what it means+ how it relates

A

A polymer consists of repeating chains of smaller molecules
some smaller chains join to make polymers- polymerization
Silica tetrahedra form polymers through oxygen sharing/bridging
The more polymerization in a lava or Magma the slower the flow

23
Q

Sedimentary rock definition+ formation

A

A rock composed of fragments that habe been deposited, compacted and cemented
Most sediments are a result of weathering/erosion
weathering is the breaking up of the rock and erosion is the transportation of fragments
They are transported by wind or water
as energy levels decrease sediments is deposited over millions of years more and more is deposited
burial causes compaction
usually form layers, sometimes contain fossils

24
Q

igneous rock definition+ formation

A

A rock that crystallized from a Magma
Composed of interlocking crystals
Crystals do not usually have any preferd
aliment, the crystals have grown in all different directions
2 catagories:
intrusive- are formed from Magma and formed in the crust
extrusive- are formed from lava and cool on the surface
intrusive cool slower so have larger crystals

25
Q

Metamorphic rock definition and formation

A

A metamorphic rock is formed by the recrystallization of other rocks in the solid form due to pressure or tempreature or both
crystals aren’t happy under the conditions but they stay solid and never melt
recrystalisation-metamorphism causes the recrystalisation of minerals in the rock ‘parent rock’ ( in solid solution)to form new rocks called ‘daughter rocks’
Composed of interlocking crystals and these crystals may look aligned (foliation)
2 types of metamorphism
regional-large scale heat and pressure
contact- when I’m contact or close too heat source

26
Q

Characteristics of different igneous rocks

A

Texture- interlocking crystals
mineral alignment- no
main minerals- quartz, feldspar, micas, pyroxine and olivine
formation- crystallized from Magma
features-no beds
fossils- none
ease of breaking- Hard

27
Q

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks

A

Texture-fragmented grains and fragments and fossils
mineral alignment- don’t often but occasionally sometimes if made of flat particals
main minerals- Quatz,feldspar,micas, clay,calcite, other rock fragments
formation-deposition of rock amd minerals fragments/particals
features-formed in horizontal beds
fossils-yes but not always
ease of breaking- easier some can be soft and crumbly

28
Q

metamorphic rock characteristics

A

texture- interlocking crystals-crystalline
mineral alignment-yes/often alignment/foliation
main minerals- Quartz, feldspar, micas, calcite and garnet (only in metamorphic)
formation- recrysalistion of the rocks
features- no beds
fossils- rarely- if so deformed
ease of breaking- hard to break however sometimes due to alignment it splits into layers

29
Q

Ways to classify igneous rocks

A
  1. Crystal size- glassy (no crystals), fine (less than 1mm), medium grain (1-5mm), Coarse grain (greater than 5mm)
    2.Mineral composition- felsic minerals (also known as silicic, name comes from feldspar and silica) e.g. Quartz and feldspar
    Mafic minerals- contain iron and magnesium (Mafic comes from magnesium and ferric) and so are dark and dense.
    3.Silica percentage-SiO2
    >66% 52-66% 45-52% <45%
    Silicic intermediate Mafic ultra mafic
    light dark
30
Q

Felsic minerals

A

Also known as silicic
felsic comes from feldspar and silica
Feldspar is the most common mineral on earth

Quartz-
appearance in igneous rocks: Only present in large amounts in silicic and intermediate rocks
Mineral characteristics: white, grey and transparent
Feldspar-
Appearance only present in large amounts in silicic and intermediate rocks
mineral characteristics colour pink/peach or white,grey or blueish white
lustre- vitreous
hardness- 6-6.5
streak- white

geology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions