Minerals

Question 1

What is an Atom

Answer 1

a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element.

Question 2

What is an Electron

Answer 2

a negatively charged subatomic particle

Question 3

What is an Element

Answer 3

a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons

Question 4

What is an Ion

Answer 4

a charged atom or molecule.

Question 5

What is an Ionic bond

Answer 5

When the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.

Question 6

What is an Isotope

Answer 6

atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.

Question 7

What is a mineral

Answer 7

a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.

Question 8

What is a neutron

Answer 8

subatomic particles that are one of the primary constituents of atomic nuclei.

Question 9

What is a proton

Answer 9

a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge.

Question 10

What is a saturated solution

Answer 10

there is so much solute that if there was any more, it would not dissolve.

Question 11

What is a supersaturated solution

Answer 11

a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature.

Question 12

What is a valence orbit

Answer 12

the set of orbitals which are energetically accessible for accepting electrons to form chemical bonds

Question 13

What are valence electrons

Answer 13

the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom.

Question 14

What is a solute

Answer 14

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 15

what is a solvent

Answer 15

any substance, usually liquid, which is capable of dissolving one or several substances, thus creating a solution

Question 16

What is a crystal

Answer 16

a solid whose atoms are arranged in a “highly ordered” repeating pattern.

Question 17

What is nucleation

Answer 17

a process where the molecules in a liquid start to gather into tiny clusters, arranging in a way that will define the crystal structure of the solid.

Question 18

What is cation

Answer 18

ions that are positively charged

Question 19

What is anion

Answer 19

Anions are ions that are negatively charged.

Question 20

what is cleavage

Answer 20

the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer.

Question 21

what is hardness

Answer 21

a measure of its relative resistance to scratching

Question 22

what is luster

Answer 22

a physical property used by mineralogists to help identify minerals

Question 23

What is streak

Answer 23

the color of a mineral powder.

Question 24

What are the 6 ways that elements are made?

Answer 24

1. Primordial elements
2. Main sequence elements
3. red giants
4. supergiants
5. supernova
6. man made

Question 25

Why is Fe an important element in how elements are made?

Answer 25

Iron is an essential element for all forms of life and is non-toxic.

Question 26

What is special about U in how elements are made?

Answer 26

It is the major material from which other synthetic transuranium elements are made.

Question 27

Most of the atoms are created in which of the 6 ways?

Question 28

The most abundant elements on earth are created in which way (why does this make them abundant? )

Question 29

What is special about where H and He came from

Question 30

What elements are man made?

Answer 30

The ones on the bottom

Question 31

What are the 2 most abundant elements in the universe

Answer 31

Helium and Hydrogen

Question 32

What are the 2 most abundant elements in the earth as a whole

Answer 32

Oxygen and Silicon

Question 33

What are the 2 most abundant elements in earths crust

Answer 33

Oxygen and Silicon

Question 34

How many electron orbits (or energy levels) are possible in a Bohr model of the atom?

Answer 34

2 (first level), 8 (2nd level), 18 (3rd level), and 32 (4th level)

Question 35

How many electrons can be held in each orbit?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

Which electron orbits (energy levels) fill up first?

Answer 36

1s will be filled first, with the maximum of 2 electrons. 2s will be filled next, with the maximum of 2 electrons. 2p will be filled next, with the maximum of 6 electrons.

Question 37

Why do electrons fill those orbits first?

Answer 37

lowest energy

Question 38

Where do you find the protons and neutrons in the Bohr Model of the Atom?

Answer 38

The nucleus

Question 39

What are the general properties of a proton

Answer 39

Positive

Question 40

What are the general properties of a electron

Answer 40

Negative

Question 41

What are the general properties of a neutron

Answer 41

Neutral

Question 42

Why do protons and electrons need to be the same number?

Answer 42

The positive charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge on an electron

Question 43

How is the mass number different from the atomic mass.

Answer 43

The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element.

Question 44

Why does an atom become an ion?

Question 45

Does an atom gain or lose electrons to become a + ion.

Answer 45

Lose

Question 46

Does an atom gain or lose electrons to become a - ion.

Answer 46

Gain

Question 47

Where are the positive ions found on the periodic table

Answer 47

Left side

Question 48

Where are the negative ions found on the periodic table?

Answer 48

Right side

Question 49

What holds those ions in an ionic bond together?

Answer 49

Oppositely charged particles attract each other.

Question 50

How do you know if two atoms can form an ionic bond?

Answer 50

You need a negative and a positive

Question 51

Give an example of the most common solvent.

Answer 51

Water

Question 52

What was the solvent for making diamonds?

Question 53

Give an example of a common solute.

Answer 53

Sugar, Salt

Question 54

What was the solute for making diamonds

Question 55

Solute for making our crystals in class?

Answer 55

Alum

Question 56

Solute for making the crystals in the cave?

Question 57

What is the difference between: Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions.

Answer 57

Unsaturated- a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved. Saturated-one substance takes up as much space as possible within another substance and it can take no more molecules. Supersaturated- a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature

Question 58

What happens in precipitation from solutions.

Answer 58

a compound coming out of solution.

Question 59

Give three examples of precipitation from solution that we have covered in class.

Question 60

what type of rocks are made from precipitation from solution?

Answer 60

sedimentary rocks

Question 61

What happens in solid state diffusion?

Answer 61

a liquid, a gas, or another solid can mix together with the host solid on the atomic level.

Question 62

What is the one example of solid state diffusion we have covered in class?

Question 63

What type of rocks are made by solid state diffusion?

Answer 63

metamorphic rocks

Question 64

What happens in solidification of a melt?

Answer 64

a liquid becomes a solid

Question 65

What type of rocks are made from solidification of a melt?

Answer 65

Igneous rocks

Question 66

Describe how we got the Alum in your solution to come out of the solution.

Answer 66

We heated the solution so the Alum would come out of the solution.

Question 67

Why did the minerals in the cave in Mexico grow so large?

Answer 67

Intense heat

Question 68

Why do we normally not see crystals in their natural crystal shape?

Answer 68

in order to readily show their geometric form and flat surfaces, crystals need ideal growing conditions and room to grow.

Question 69

What are the similarities between our Alum crystals, the cave crystals, and making diamonds.

Question 70

Where do minerals get their crystal shape?

Answer 70

the symmetrical, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside the mineral.

Question 71

How are diamonds and graphite the same and different?

Answer 71

In diamonds, one carbon atom is bonded with four others to create a dense, cage-like crystal structure that is very hard. In graphite, one carbon bonds with three others to form flat layers that stack like a deck of cards and can slide apart

Question 72

What are the 5 things something must have to be a mineral?

Answer 72

1. Naturally occurring 2. inorganic 3. Solid at room temp 4. crystal structure 5. defined chemical composition

Question 73

Minerals are the building blocks of what?

Answer 73

Rocks

Question 74

what is crystal form?

Answer 74

a set of crystal faces that are related to each other by symmetry

Question 75

Why is color of the mineral not a good indicator of the type of mineral that you have?

Answer 75

color can be highly variable. Some minerals can occur in a variety of different colors due to impurities in the chemical makeup of the mineral.

Question 76

primordrial meaning?

Answer 76

From the beginning of time.