MINERALS Flashcards by michaela gail

● Inorganic elements that are non-caloric and remain as s when completely burnt
● Chemical elements required by living organisms aside from C, H, O, N

minerals

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● Regulates the permeability of cell membranes
● Helps in maintenance of acid - base balance
● Responsible for the transmission of nerve impulse responsible for the contraction of muscles

minerals

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○ Found in bones and teeth and maintains its strength (bone structure)
○ Most abundant mineral in the bod

calcium

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99% of the body’s calcium is stored in the

bones and teeth

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○ Important in nerve transmission
○ Helps maintain normal blood pressure
○ Plays an essential role in the clotting of blood

calcium

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calcium RDA:

adults

1000-1300 mg/day

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bone can be weak and brittle, prone to fracture and breakage
Extreme loss in the bone + everyday stresses (compromised bone + nervous transduction )

osteoporosis

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kidney stones, hypercalcemia

calcium toxicity

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○ Works closely with sodium and potassium to manage the body’s water level and have balance and functioning well in the form of chloride ions.
○ Maintains the right amount of fluid balance in the body

chloride

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convulsion in infants (can cause seizures, imbalance in fluids and electrolytes)

chloride deficiency

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high blood pressure, major risk factor in heart diseases and stroke

chloride toxicity

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○ Helps build bones (bone strength and structure)
○ Helps nerves and muscles work normally, regulates body temperature (ensuring your immune system stays balanced)

magnesium

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heart disease
heart spasms (sudden and involuntary contraction of the heart muscle)

magnesium deficiency

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diarrhea, lack of coordination and muscle control, confusion, coma

magnesium toxicity

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○ Create and maintain body cells
○ Helps in formation of DNA and RNA, essential for growth, genetics, and protein production
○ Works with calcium (to keep your bones and teeth strong, to balance the effect of the calcium to support the bone health)

phosphorous

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osteoporosis (weak and brittle bone, increase risk of fractures and bone pain)

phosphorous deficiency

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can prevent calcium from working (calcium imbalance) (can
interfere from calcium absorption)

phosphorous toxicity

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○ Vital mineral and electrolyte (balance and cell integrity)
○ Reduce water retention
○ Prevent kidney stones
○ Blood pressure regulation

potassium

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○ Protection against cerebrovascular accident or stroke
○ Protection against osteoporosis
○ Helps the walls of your blood vessel to relax or loosen up; when tense or rigid, it can lead to high blood pressure, which can cause heart problems

potassium

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○ Keeps the heartbeat regular
○ Moves nutrients into cells and waste product out of cells

potassium

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potassium RDA:

female adults

2600 mg/day

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potassium RDA:

male adults

3400 mg/day

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Normal Serum Potassium level

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/ L

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excess sodium = ___

hypertension

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Low potassium intake + High sodium intake =

high BP risk of death from heart disease and stroke

low level of serum potassium. Can trigger an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover

low serum potassium

- irregular heart beat - loss of appetite - muscle cramps

potassium deficiency

slowing of the heart beat (particularly in supplements, serious and needs medical attention), Arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat)

potassium toxicity

○ An electrolyte that helps maintain acid-base balance and is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission ○ It is a soft, silvery-white, high reactive metal ○ An alkali metal (solid at room temperature)

sodium

The adequate intake of sodium for adults is

500 mg/day

an eating pattern proven to help people to reduce sodium and increase potassium intakes, and thereby often reduce their blood pressure. Fat-free or low-fat milk products

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)

too much sodium = ___

hypertension

is a crystal-like compound that is abundant in nature

table salt

is a mineral, and one of the chemical elements found in salt

sodium

where is sodium absorbed?

colon

- cramps (rare case) - dehydration

sodium deficiency

high blood pressure

sodium toxicity

○ It helps our body running smoothly ○ Regulated blood and overall energy ○ Helps carry oxygen to the blood (plays a key part in hemoglobin), helps cells use oxygen (vital for producing energy and maintain the body processes running smoothly)

iron

- anemia - paleness - weakness

iron deficiency

heart disease, elevated LDL

iron toxicity

○ For hypothyroidism / hyperthyroidism ○ Only small amount needed ○ Makes thyroid hormones ○ Regulates the metabolism, energy levels and overall growth

iodine

- enlarged thyroid (goiter) - hypothyroidism - Most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage - Diagnose via urine tests - Breathing difficulties, especially when lying down - Difficulty swallowing

iodine deficiency

goiter, thyroid cancer

iodine toxicity

○ Involves in everything ○ Aids in growth (normal in growth and development), DNA synthesis, immune function

zinc

○ impaired taste and smell ○ rashes may develop. ○ In men, reduced sperm production affects their fertility ● dwarfism or severe growth retardation ● arrested sexual maturation ● impairs immune function causes loss of appetite ● during pregnancy may lead to growth and developmental disorder

zinc deficiency

nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain (upper part of the stomach), lethargy, and fatigue

zinc toxicity

○ Interacts with platelets in blood clotting ○ Produce the active form of Vitamin A in visual pigments ○ Essential to wound healing, taste perception, the making of sperm, and fetal development

zinc

iodine RDA: pregnant

220 mcg/day

iodine RDA: lactation

290 mcg/day

zinc RDA: adults

females - 4.6 mcg/day males - 6.5 mcg/day

○ An essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods and is available as dietary supplement ○ A cofactor for several enzyme, “cuproenzymes”

copper

Involved in: Angiogenesis, neurohormone homeostasis, regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system functioning

copper

copper RDA: men and women

men - 1400 mcg/day women - 1100 mcg/day

- Anemia, Ataxia - Hypopigmentation - Hypercholesterolemia - Osteoporosis and bone defects

copper deficiency

___ inhibits copper absorption

zinc

○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement (same with copper) ○ Major Minerals ○ A component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA

phosphorous

○ Plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage ○ Needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the production of the genetic building blocks

phosphorous

- hypophosphatemia (blood vessels that fall below the normal range) - Kidney problems (hyperphosphatemia) - Bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets)

phosphorous deficiency

hyperphosphatemia (rare, the body will regulate may excess levels in healthy individuals, may show no symptoms, too much parathyroid hormone is released that causes phosphorus to exit the body through urine)

phosphorous toxicity

○ An essential nutrient, comprises about 0.7% (20-25 gm) of total body fats ○ Essential for human nutrition ○ An abundant mineral in the body

magnesium

○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement and medications (same with copper & phosphorus) ○ An earth metal

magnesium

70% of magnesium can be found in

bones

30% can of magnesium can be found in

tissues and body fluids

Low blood calcium

hypocalcemia

Low blood potassium

hypoalemia

- Alcoholism, diabetes - Tetany (very similar to that seen in hypocalcemia) - Kwashiorkor - Malabsorption syndromes

magnesium deficiency

carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body

hemoglobin

holds oxygen for the muscles to use when they contract

myoglobin

___ dietary iron is absorbed

10-15%

___ carries the iron to tissues throughout the body

transferrin

caused by genetic failure to prevent unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed, characterized by free-radical tissue damage especially in iron-storing organs such as the live

Hemochromatosis

iron RDA: men and women

men - 12 mg/day women - 12-13 mg/day

iron RDA: pregnant

28 mg/day

the craving for and consumption of ice, chalk, starch, and other non-food substances

pica

Women are especially prone to ___ during their reproductive years because of blood losses during menstruation

iron deficiency

High sugar and fat intakes are often associated with ___ iron intakes

low

true or false: Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are the same

false

refers to depleted body iron stores w/o regard to the degree of depletion or the presence of anemia

iron deficiency

refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration

iron deficiency anemia

MINERALS Flashcards

(79 cards)