Minerals

Question 1

what are the macrominerals

Answer 1

Calcium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Chloride
potassium
magnesium
sulfur

Question 2

what are the microminerals

Answer 2

copper
zinc
iron
iodine
manganese
selenium

Question 3

where is 99% of stored calcium

Answer 3

bones

Question 4

T/F calcium is tightly regulated

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

what stimulates calcium release when concentrations are low

Answer 5

PTH

Question 6

what inhibits calcium release when concentrations are high

Answer 6

calcitonin

Question 7

ideal Ca:P ratio?
what can it go to?

Answer 7

Ideal: 2:1
1:1 to 8:1 is ok

Question 8

what is the consequence of excess phosphorous in the diet

Answer 8

it is excreted and can cause environmental issues by increasing bacterial growth in the water supply

Question 9

what 2 locations hold the most stored magnesium(how much do they store)

Answer 9

bone(60%)
muscle(32%)

Question 10

what structures hold trace amounts of stored magnesium

Answer 10

intracellular space, RNA, and DNA

Question 11

what does deficiency of magnesium impact

Answer 11

-myosin Mg-dependent ATPase
-bone strength

Question 12

how does calcium impact magnesium absorption

Answer 12

high calcium increases magnesium absorption

Question 13

what 3 minerals are electrolytes

Answer 13

sodium
potassium
chloride

Question 14

purpose of electrolytes

Answer 14

regulate body fluids
maintain acid-base balance
generate membrane potentials

Question 15

how much salt does the average horse need

Answer 15

30-50 g/d

Question 16

where are Na and Ca absorbed

Answer 16

hindgut

Question 17

where is potassium absorbed

Answer 17

SI

Question 18

T/F the best way to feed salt by top dressing feed

Answer 18

FALSE. the best way is free choice, either free or a block

Question 19

T/F salt licks can also be combined with trace minerals

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

why is it important to get salt licks specifically for horses(especially not sheep licks)

Answer 20

other salt licks can have selenium levels that are toxic to horses

Question 21

what increases chances of salt deficiency

Answer 21

lactation or heavy sweating

Question 22

possible affects of extreme salt excess

Answer 22

toxicosis: colic, diarrhea, paralysis, death

Question 23

symptoms of salt deficiency

Answer 23

-decreased performance and sweat
-increased body temp
-pica(eating non food things)
-licking objects
-decreased food and water intake

Question 24

are forages or grains higher in potassium

Answer 24

forages

Question 25

T/F diets with high levels of forage will generally meet potassium needs

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

T/F excess potassium can lead to kidney problems

Answer 26

FALSE. it will only cause kidney problems in horses who already have HYPP

Question 27

where is most sulfur found

Answer 27

keratin(hair and hoof) joints

Question 28

what form is sulfur found in naturally in joints

Answer 28

chondroitin sulfate

Question 29

how does excess sulfur affect Cu

Answer 29

it can decrease copper absorption

Question 30

what is a good supplement for sulfur

Answer 30

MSM

Question 31

T/F excess sulfur is excreted in urine and feces

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

function of selenium

Answer 32

work with vitamin E to prevent oxidative stress

Question 33

what is oxidative stress

Answer 33

free floating electrons try to bind to lipids which causes the lipid to breakdown(can damage cell membrane)

Question 34

how does vitamin E stop oxidative stress

Answer 34

reduces lipid radicals to something non toxic

Question 35

how does selenium stop oxidative stress

Answer 35

it breaks down toxic H2O2 created by SODs into harmless OH

Question 36

why is selenium so toxic

Answer 36

it replaces sulfur bonds in areas that give strength(such as keratin)

Question 37

requirement of selenium? how much selenium might be beneficial?

Answer 37

requirement: 0.1 mg/kg DM beneficial: 0.3 mg/kg DM

Question 38

what weather condition causes selenium to accumulate in plants

Answer 38

draught

Question 39

T/F most of Texas has deficient levels of selenium in plants

Answer 39

FALSE. most is adequate

Question 40

selenium deficiency issues

Answer 40

white muscle disease encephalopathy(brain damage) alkali disease(hoof cracks) blind staggers

Question 41

what is iodine most used for

Answer 41

thyroid hormones

Question 42

how much iodine is required? how much is toxic?

Answer 42

required: 0.1 mg/kg toxic: 5 mg/kg

Question 43

what feeds are likely to cause iodine toxicity

Answer 43

kelp/seaweed

Question 44

possible consequences of feeding mares a lot of grain at the end of gestation and into lactation

Answer 44

grain is higher in iodine and may cause toxicity

Question 45

T/F feeding copper excess requirement is shown to enhance performance

Answer 45

FALSE

Question 46

functions of copper

Answer 46

-bone collagen formation enzymes -RBC formation

Question 47

function of zinc

Answer 47

nutrient metabolization

Question 48

T/F zinc may inhibit copper absorption

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

proper Cu:Zn ratio

Answer 49

1:4

Question 50

T/F copper and zinc are in antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and SOD2

Answer 50

TRUE

Question 51

T/F iron absorption depends on concentration status

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

why is iron toxicity more common than deficiency

Answer 52

-there's no way to get rid of excess iron -iron is higher in forages -there is iron in the soil

Question 53

what mineral regulates macrophages in the immune system

Answer 53

iron

Question 54

where are all microminerals absorbed

Answer 54

SI

Question 55

functions of manganese

Answer 55

-CHO and lipid metabolism -antioxidant

Question 56

what is the least toxic trace mineral

Answer 56

manganese

Question 57

where is 98% of manganese stored

Answer 57

muscle bone skin

Question 58

T/F molybdenum toxicity does not exist

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

what trace mineral plays a role in glucose metabolism

Answer 59

chromium

Question 60

what form of chromium is very bioavailable

Answer 60

chromium propionate