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MCP Unit 6 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

folate

A
  • B9
  • precursor of THF, co-enzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synthesis
  • def: neural tube defects in newborns of deficient mothers
  • macrocytic anemia
  • hyperhomocysteinemia

-pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism (relatively common)

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2
Q

folate supplementation

A
  • deficiency leads to lack of nucleotide synthesis-purines and dTMP
  • anticonvulsants and OC pills can interfere with absorption
  • inadequate folate early in pregnancy appears to be associated with neural tube defects
  • mothers can be deficient without symptoms
  • demand very high throughout pregnancy and lactation
  • grain products enriched in folate have lowered the risk of deficiency, but supplements still routinely recommended for women of child-bearing age
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3
Q

cobalamin

A
  • B12
  • coenzyme in methionine synthesis and conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
  • needed in folate metabolism
  • pernicious anemia with demyelination
  • elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases, long term vegetarians
  • from beef, fish, dairy, fortified cereals
  • stored effectively even though water soluble
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4
Q

B12 and cobalt

A
  • contains cobalt chelated in middle of molecule
  • B12 in food must be released from protein by acid hydrolysis in the stomach
  • then must bind to intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the ileum
  • lack of intrinsic factor is a source of B12 deficiency
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5
Q

B12 and folate

A
  • without B12, folate becomes trapped in a form that can’t be used for purine and dTMP synthesis
  • excess folate can bypass trap, but can’t make up for other places B12 is needed
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6
Q

folate and B12 deficiencies

A
  • result in megaloblastic anemias
  • large size of RBCs
  • arises from deficiency in nucleotides, leading to decreased RNA and DNA synthesis
  • cells increase in size and don’t divide
  • can’t carry sufficient oxygen
  • pernicious anemia specifically to B12 deficient anemia, resulting from lack of intrinsic factor
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7
Q

minerals

A
  • inorganic compounds critical for human physiology
  • many minerals are enzyme cofactors, but they can also play structural roles in proteins or on their own
  • categorized as macrominerals and microminerals based on the level required, but amt doesn’t correlate with importance
  • often work in parallel with vitamins, so supplements often have both
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8
Q

macrominerals

A
  • 100-200 mg/day
  • potassium
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
  • sulfur
  • magnesium
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9
Q

microminerals

A
  • microgram measurements
  • iron
  • copper
  • zinc
  • chromium
  • iodine
  • manganese
  • selenium
  • molybedenum
  • fluoride
  • boron
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10
Q

calcium

A
  • most abundant, from dairy products, leafy green veggies
  • major component of bone
  • signaling
  • coagulation (localization)
  • muscle contraction
  • neurotransmission
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11
Q

calcium deficiency

A
  • muscle cramps
  • osteoporosis
  • rickets
  • children, adult women, elderly
  • also need vitamin D for absorption
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12
Q

calcium and diet

A
  • calcium comes solely from diet
  • distribution is highly regulated
  • 98% in bone and teeth
  • hydroxyapatite is basic mineral component Ca5(PO4)3OH
  • bone releases Ca if plasma too low
  • 2% in rest of body
  • low serum calcium signals enhance intestinal absorption and stimulates bone resorption
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13
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • porous bone from calcium deficiency
  • calcium intake during period when bone is reaching maximum density (10-35) is important to prevent osteoporosis-often too late
  • even higher levels are required to maintain bone mass in post-menopausal women
  • exercise helps maintain density
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14
Q

magnesium

A
  • essential for many enzymes using MgATP (ATPases) as substrate
  • present at high levels in bone
  • deficiency leads to weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia
  • alcoholics, patients taking diuretics or with severe diarrhea/vomiting
  • required for bone formation and 60% Mg in bone
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15
Q

phosphorous

A
  • mostly present in phosphates
  • major component of bone
  • constituent of nucleic acids, membrane lipids
  • required in all energy producing reactions
  • deficiency is rare and can result in rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizure
  • quite abundant in food supply
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16
Q

iron

A
  • o2/co2 transport in hemoglobin
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • cofactor in several non-heme iron proteins and cytochromes (redox)
  • from meat, dried legumes and fruits, iron enriched cereal products
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17
Q

iron deficiency

A
  • microcytic, hypochromic anemia
  • decreased immunity (myeloperoxidase in macrophages)
  • children and menstruating women, pregnant women, elderly
  • one of the most common deficiencies worldwide
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18
Q

iron absorption and distribution

A
  • tightly regulated
  • reduction of 3+ to 2+ is promoted by Vitamin C in diet (can get anemia from vitamin C deficiency)
  • low pH in stomach helps release 3+ from ligands and makes it bioavailable
  • uptake of iron in mucosal cells of small intestine is regulated in response to iron deficient or overload states
  • iron is carefully escorted in both circulation and in cells because of potential for inadvertent redox damage
19
Q

barriers to iron absorption

A
  1. release of 3+ from food and
  2. availability of reducing agent to convert 3+ to 2+
    - spinach has iron tightly chelated
    - second requirement often produced by vitamin C
20
Q

characteristics of iron deficient anemia

A
  • microcytic
  • small, pale RBCs
  • less hemoglobin is produced, RBCs undergo more cell divisions in bone marrow waiting for hemoglobin synthesis
  • fatigue, pallor, weakness, dizziness
  • MCV-measure of average RBC size, dividing line for big or small
21
Q

long term iron toxicity

A
  • hemochromatosis
  • iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues
  • leads to compromised liver, pancreatic and cardiac function
  • ultimately can compromise mitochondrial function and lead to lactic acidosis
  • can also come from sickle cell breakdown of RBCs, genetic causes
  • ROS
  • transition metals can substitute for one another and cause enzymes to not work as well
22
Q

acute iron toxicity

A
  • iron overdose in children
  • most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6
  • comes from consumption of adult iron supplements
  • ROS
23
Q

copper

A
  • assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin

- cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, elimination of ROS

24
Q

copper deficiency

A
  • rare
  • anemia
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • fragility of large arteries
  • bone demineralization (collagen- lysyl oxidase)
  • demyelination
  • menkes syndrome/ consuming excessive zinc
  • shellfish, legumes, nuts, bran
  • loss of Cu containing desaturase leads imbalance in sat/unsat FA
25
Q

ceruloplasmin

A
  • fe3+ to fe2+

- helps it bind to transferrin

26
Q

menkes disease

A
  • mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A
  • need for transport of copper into golgi to supply Cu enzymes like lysyl oxidase
  • enzymes are secreted without copper and don’t work
27
Q

wilson’s disease

A
  • ATP7B
  • copper overload
  • copper not sequestered properly and accumulates in liver with severe liver and nervous system symptoms
  • liver failure and cancer
  • copper ring around eye
28
Q

zinc

A
  • cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes
  • plays structural role in many proteins- zinc finger domain
  • meat, shellfish, nuts, legumes
29
Q

zinc deficiency

A
  • poor wound healing
  • dermatitis-earliest sx, can be reversed, scaly
  • reduced taste acuity
  • poor growth
  • impaired sexual development in kids
  • alcoholics, elderly, ppl with malabsorption or kidney disease
30
Q

chromium

A
  • component of chromodulin- facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
  • def-impaired glucose tolerance (from reduced insulin effectiveness)
  • susceptible-ppl with impaired glucose tolerance
  • Cr3+ hasn’t proven helpful in trt type II diabetes
31
Q

iodine

A
  • incorporated into T3 and T4
  • regulates BMR
  • goiter, hyper/hypo thyroid
32
Q

goiter

A
  • low iodine stimulates increased TSH

- enlarged thyroid

33
Q

selenium

A
  • component of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase)
  • component of deiodinase enzymes in metabolism of T3 and 4
  • keshan disease (little selenium in soil)
  • cardiomyopathy and cretinism
34
Q

manganese

A
  • arginase, pyruvate carboxylase

- superoxide dismutase

35
Q

molypdenum

A

-xanthine oxidase

36
Q

fluoride

A

-bones and teeth strength

37
Q

sulfur

A

component of aa and used in post translational modifications

38
Q

children

A

iron and calcium

39
Q

teens

A

Ca, Mg, vitamin A, C and B6

40
Q

women

A

iron, calcium, Mg, B6, folate

41
Q

elderly

A

B6, 12, D, zinc, chromium

42
Q

alcoholics

A

-multiple, folate, B6, thiamine

43
Q

drug/nutrients

A

-interactions should be considered- can affect absorption

MCP Unit 6 (9 decks)

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