Minerals

Question 1

Mineral nutrients

Answer 1

Chemical elements needed in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of body tissues.

Question 2

5 Properties of minerals in the body

Answer 2

They retain their chemical identities, are inorganic, do not yield energy, are needed in trace amounts, and are essential.

Question 3

5 Roles of minerals in the body

Answer 3

1. Electrolyte 2. Structure 3. Component if prosthetic groups such as heme groups 4. Signal transduction 5. Cofactor role

Question 4

Macrominerals

Answer 4

ex Calcium, need more than 100 mg/day

Question 5

Trace elements

Answer 5

ex. Iron, need less than 100 mg/day

Question 6

Factors affecting minerals contents of foods

Answer 6

1. Genetic variation, 2. mineral content of animal feed and medications, 3. mineral content of soil and water for plants, 4. Cooking utensils, 5. processing, 6. fortification

Question 7

Bioavailability

Answer 7

The rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Question 8

factors affecting the bioavailability of nutrients

Answer 8

1. efficiency of digestion and time of transit, 2. genetic variations, 3. nutrition status of the individual, 4. aging, 5. methods of food preparation, 6. other foods consumed at the same

Question 9

Role of extracellular calcuim

Answer 9

participates in blood clotting

Question 10

Roles of calcium in bones

Answer 10

1. Calcium salts form crystals in bones called Hydroxyapatite, 2. Calcium bank, 3. strength and rigidity to maturing bones, 4. Bone remodeling

Question 11

Intracellular calcium

Answer 11

1. regulation of muscle contraction, 2. transmission of nerve impulses, 3. secretion of hormones, 4. activation of some enzyme reactions

Question 12

Osteoblasts

Answer 12

bone building cells that produce collagen and add minerals to bone

Question 13

Osteoclasts

Answer 13

release acids and enzymes on the bone surface to dissolve bone

Question 14

Factors that increase calcium absorption

Answer 14

1. Active vitamin D hormone, 2. increased need, 3. lactose and other sugars, 4. protein

Question 15

Factors that inhibit calcium absorption

Answer 15

1. lack of stomach acid, 2. vitamin D dediciency, 3. high phosphorus intake, 4. phytates, 5. oxalates

Question 16

Osteopenia

Answer 16

Initial stage of osteoporosis where bone minerals are lost, but the overall matrix remains intact

Question 17

Roles of phosphorus in the body

Answer 17

1. part of major buffer system, 2. part of DNA and RNA, 3. assists in energy metabolism, 4. helps transport lipids in the blood, 5. structural component of cell membranes

Question 18

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 18

Increases calcium reabsorption form the kidneys and decreases excretion.

Question 19

Ferrous Iron

Answer 19

Fe2+

Question 20

Ferric Iron

Answer 20

Fe3+

Question 21

Transferrin

Answer 21

Circulates in blood carrying iron in the ferric state

Question 22

Ferroportin

Answer 22

membrane bound protein that controls the release of iron into cells.

Question 23

Ferritin

Answer 23

Most is made in liver and spleen, binds and stores iron so it doesn’t create free radicals.

Question 24

Hemosiderin

Answer 24

Present in liver and binds excesses of iron that the body cannot handle. Is usually an indicator that someone has or will have iron toxicity.

Question 25

Hepcidin

Answer 25

Inhibits release of Ferrous iron from the cell into the intrecellular fluid by ferroportin.

Question 26

metallothionein

Answer 26

Storage protein for zinc in intestinal cells