minerals

Question 1

What does angiotensin do?

Answer 1

Causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels (which activates the kidney)

Question 2

Name the two main functions of Na+?

Answer 2

1. maintains electric potential in the membrane and conducts nerve impulses
2. absorption of nutrients

Question 3

What symptoms does hypo-na-tremia show?

Answer 3

Headache, seizure, confusion and coma

Question 4

What symptoms does hyper-na-tremia show?

Answer 4

Odema, thirst, high blood pressure

Question 5

How is hypo-na-tremia caused?

Answer 5

Vomiting, sweating, diahorrea

Question 6

How is hyper-na-tremia caused? (3)

Answer 6

Excessive fluid loss via. vomiting etc.
Renal failure - too much Na+ absorption
Not enough water

Question 7

Main role of Iodine?

Answer 7

Homornal synthesis in the thyroid of thyroxine (T4) and its active from T3

Question 8

What form is Iodine uptaken and what does it get converted too + how?

Answer 8

I- ions, combine with H2O2 to form I2 which forms tyrosine

Question 9

Where is Iodine levels the highest?

Answer 9

Thyroid gland, salivary and then gastric glands

Question 10

How is excess Iodine excreted?

Answer 10

Excreted through our urine

Question 11

Name 4 roles of the thyroid gland

Answer 11

1. Metabolic function
2. Growth and development
3. RBC cell synthesis
4. Thermogenesis

Question 12

What is the thyroid gland crucial too?

Answer 12

Development of the central nervous system in children and foetus

Question 13

Three symptoms of hypo-thyroidism (aka. Iodine deficiency)?

Answer 13

1. Weight gain
2. High cholesterol levels
3. Reduced lypolysis, gluconeogenesis

Called hypo-metabolism

Question 14

Three symptoms of hyper-thyroidism (aka. Iodine deficiency)?

Answer 14

1. Weight loss
2. Low cholesterol levels
3. Increased lypolysis, gluconeogenesis

Called hypo-metabolism

Question 15

Severe case of Iodine defiency? (Name and symptom)

Answer 15

Goitre - irreversible mental retardation and cretinism (non reversible) - especially if during key growth development in children

Question 16

How have the public health tried to increase Iodine levels?

Answer 16

Iodization of oil, salt and water

Question 17

Environmental factors of autoimmune thyroid diseases? (4)

Answer 17

1. Naturally occurring goitrogens reduce I2 bioavailability
2. Heavy metal ions (e.g. Lead)
3. Polychlorinated biphenyls
4. Organochlorine compounds (man-made) found in pesticides

Question 18

Main role of Se?

Answer 18

Incorporated into amino acids to make proteins

Question 19

Sources of Se?

Answer 19

=crops - low conc. as not essential for their growth

Question 20

How do plants uptake Se?

Answer 20

Se-methionine, Selenite/Selenate

Question 21

How do animals uptake Se? and why do they vary?

Answer 21

Se-methionine, Selenite/Selenate, Secys and because of diet

Question 22

What atom does Se replace and how does it change the protein functionality?

Answer 22

Sulphur, makes the proteins more reactive

Question 23

Which has more Se bioavailability plants or animals?

Answer 23

Plants

Question 24

Which is absorbed more readily, inorganic or organic forms of Se?

Answer 24

Organic

Question 25

What is the central species for Se utilization and excretion and how is it made?

Answer 25

Se reduced to H2Se

Question 26

What vitamin is mainly associated with Se?

Answer 26

Vitamin E- recycled after e- donated to free radical (anti-oxidant), then Glutathione is regenerated by vitamin C

Question 27

What is the enzyme associated with Vitamin E recycling?

Answer 27

Glutathione peroxidase

Question 28

Which two countries have low Se soil?

Answer 28

China and UK

Question 29

Two conditions of Se deficiency?

Answer 29

1. Keshan - heart disease | 2. Keshin-Beck - joint deterioration

Question 30

Symptoms of Keshan?

Answer 30

Cardiomyopathy, fatal heart muscle disease - 2-10years

Question 31

Symptoms of Keshin-Beck?

Answer 31

osteoarthritis - joint muscle degeneration and death - 5-13years

Question 32

What is Zn main function?

Answer 32

Incorporated into proteins: | structural, catabolic (enzymes), co-factors, intracellular and extracellular cell signalling

Question 33

How does Zn exist?

Answer 33

Zn2+

Question 34

How is Zn different to the other micro elements?

Answer 34

It isn't redox active

Question 35

Name 4 elements Zn deficiency or excess can effect?

Answer 35

1. Growth 2. Morphentic functions 3. Immune response 4. Neuro-sensory and endocrine functions.

Question 36

When is Zn requirement higher?

Answer 36

During pregnancy, lactaction and during puberty

Question 37

How many enzymes require zinc?

Answer 37

300

Question 38

How many transcription factors require zinc?

Answer 38

2000

Question 39

Name 3 roles that Zn is important for?

Answer 39

1. Anti-inflammatory 2. Anti-oxidant 3. Cell-mediated immunity

Question 40

Are there stores of Zn

Answer 40

no

Question 41

Are low or higher intakes of Zn easier to absorb

Answer 41

lower

Question 42

Name two zinc transporters?

Answer 42

1. Zrt or Znt | 2. ZIP

Question 43

How does the absorption of Zn differ

Answer 43

There is a differential expression of the sub-cellular location of transporters, eg. some on membrane and some associated with organelle systems

Question 44

What symptoms can Zn deficiency cause? (5)

Answer 44

1. Cold - lower immune system 2. Growth retardation 3. Increased oxidative stress 4. Testicular hypofunction 5. Increased generation of inflammatory cytokines

Question 45

How much Zinc should we have a day

Answer 45

5-10mg

Question 46

Which diet is best for Zn defiency?

Answer 46

Low in phytates and high in animal protein

Question 47

What do phytates do?

Answer 47

Lower bioavailability of minerals

Question 48

What is special about Zn deficiency source

Answer 48

It isn't necessarily linked to low Zn levels in food