Minerals And Rocks

Question 1

How does hardness relate to scratching of minerals?

Answer 1

The lower the hardness, the easier the mineral is scratched. Harder minerals can scratch softer ones.

Question 2

What are the most common minerals?

Answer 2

Silicates

Question 3

What elements do silicates contain?

Answer 3

Silicon and Oxygen (Si and O)

Question 4

What are igneous rocks formed from?

Answer 4

The solidification of magma

Question 5

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 5

Intrusive (plutonic) is formed inside the earth with slow cooling and large crystals; extrusive (volcanic) is formed on the earth’s surface with fast cooling and small crystals.

Question 6

What are vesicular igneous rocks characterized by?

Answer 6

Gas pockets from rapid cooling

Question 7

What is the composition of light-colored igneous rocks?

Answer 7

Low in density and felsic (Si, Al)

Question 8

What is the composition of dark-colored igneous rocks?

Answer 8

High in density and mafic (Fe, Mg)

Question 9

What does Bowen’s Reaction Series illustrate?

Answer 9

Sequence of Mineral Crystallization from Magma

Question 10

What is the first mineral to crystallize in Bowen’s Reaction Series?

Answer 10

Olivine

Question 11

What type of igneous rock is komatiite?

Answer 11

Ultramafic

Question 12

What is the temperature range for the crystallization of minerals from magma?

Answer 12

From 1400°C (first to crystallize) to 650°C (last to crystallize)

Question 13

What are the two series in Bowen’s Reaction Series?

Answer 13

Discontinuous and Continuous Series

Question 14

What minerals are found in the Discontinuous Series?

Answer 14

Olivine, Biotite Mica, Feldspar, Plagioclase

Question 15

What minerals are found in the Continuous Series?

Answer 15

Sodium-rich (Na) and Potassium (K) Feldspar, Muscovite Mica

Question 16

What is the composition of granite?

Answer 16

Felsic

Question 17

What is the mineral composition of ultramafic igneous rocks?

Answer 17

Olivine

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Light colored igneous rocks are _______ in density.

Answer 18

low

Question 19

True or False: Extrusive igneous rocks form from slow cooling of magma.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What type of igneous rock is diorite?

Answer 20

Intermediate

Question 21

What is the mineral composition of rhyolite?

Answer 21

Granite/Rhyolite includes Quartz and Potassium feldspar

Question 22

What are sedimentary rocks formed by?

Answer 22

Compaction and cementation of sediments

Sedimentary rocks can be clastic or crystalline/bioclastic.

Question 23

How are sedimentary rocks classified?

Answer 23

By their grain size

Grain sizes include clay, silt, sand, and pebble/cobbles.

Question 24

Clay sediment results in which type of rock?

Answer 24

Shale

Question 25

Silt sediment results in which type of rock?

Answer 25

Siltstone

Question 26

Sand sediment results in which type of rock?

Answer 26

Sandstone

Question 27

Pebble/cobbles result in which types of rocks?

Answer 27

Breccia or conglomerate

Question 28

Which sedimentary rocks form from precipitation out of shallow seas?

Answer 28

Dolostone, limestone, salt, and gypsum

Question 29

Coal is formed from what?

Answer 29

Compacted plant remains

Question 30

What processes transform igneous/sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks?

Answer 30

Extreme heat and pressure

Question 31

What are the two types of metamorphism?

Answer 31

* Regional (mountain building/converging boundaries) * Contact (heat/intrusion)

Question 32

What texture do metamorphic rocks generally have?

Answer 32

Foliated (layered) or banded texture

Question 33

What is the process of lithification?

Answer 33

Compaction and cementation of sediments

Question 34

What are extrusive igneous rocks formed from?

Answer 34

Lava flows

Question 35

What is the term for the weathering processes that break down rocks?

Answer 35

Mechanical and chemical weathering

Question 36

What is the result of outgassing?

Answer 36

Gases and salts dissolved in solution

Question 37

What type of rock is formed from buried lava flows?

Answer 37

Porphyry

Question 38

What is the term for the cooling and solidification of magma?

Answer 38

Plutonism

Question 39

What is the composition of diorite?

Answer 39

Intrusive igneous rock

Question 40

What do schist and marble represent?

Answer 40

Metamorphic rocks

Question 41

What increases with depth in the Earth?

Answer 41

Heat and pressure

Question 42

Fill in the blank: Sedimentary rocks form through _______.

Answer 42

Compaction and cementation

Question 43

True or False: Metamorphic rocks can only form from igneous rocks.

Answer 43

False