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MLS 421 Clinical Chemistry II > Minerals, Nutrition, Vitamins, and Trace Elements > Flashcards

Minerals, Nutrition, Vitamins, and Trace Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular ion with the majority residing in the ___, ___, and ___.

A

bone; muscle; soft tissue.

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2
Q

Function of Magnesium.

A

Acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes; neuromuscular activator; role in metabolic pathways.

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3
Q

Where is magnesium absorbed and regulated?

A

Absorbed within the intestines and regulated via the kidneys.

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4
Q

Which hormone is responsible of increased tubular reabsorption and GI absorption of magnesium?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

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5
Q

What hormones are responsible for increasing Mg concentrations?

A

Aldosterone and Thyroxine.

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6
Q

Clinical usefulness of magnesium.

A

Cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuromuscular disorders.

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of hypomagnesemia?

A

Drug induced hypomagnesemia.

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8
Q

What are miscellaneous causes of hypomagnesemia?

A

Reduced magnesium intake, decreased magnesium absorption, increased renal excretion, increased endocrine excretion.

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9
Q

How does hypertension affect magnesium levels? Hypotension?

A

Hypertension - decrease

Hypotension - increase

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of hypermagnesemia?

A

Acute or chronic renal failure.

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11
Q

What medications may cause hypermagnesemia?

A

Antacids, enemas, cathartics, other therapeutics.

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12
Q

Decreased neuromuscular reflexes and hemostasis conditions may cause a increase in ___.

A

magnesium.

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13
Q

Reference range of magnesium.

A

0.63 - 1.0 mmol/L.

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14
Q

What are the three dyes used for colorimetric measurement of magnesium?

A

Formazen dye, methylthymole blue, calmagite (reddish-violet complex).

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15
Q

Reference method of magnesium measurement.

A

Atomic absorption.

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16
Q

The primary source of calcium in the body is held within where?

A

The bones.

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17
Q

Neuromuscular irritability may the be result of low ___.

A

calcium.

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18
Q

What is the major form of calcium?

A

Ionized (active) Calcium.

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19
Q

Free calcium is highly dependent on ___ and ___ status.

A

albumin; pH.

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20
Q

What three hormones regulate calcium?

A

PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin.

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21
Q

As calcium increases, PTH ___.

A

Decreases.

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22
Q

The parathyroid will detect low blood calcium, which stimulates PTH. How does this process affect bone resorption, urinary loss, and vitamin D production?

A

Increased bone resorption; decreased urinary loss; increased vitamin D production.

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23
Q

The parathyroid will detect high blood calcium, which suppresses PTH. How does this process affect bone resorption, urinary loss, and vitamin D production?

A

Decrease bone resorption; increase urinary loss; decrease vitamin D production.

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24
Q

Reference range for calcium.

A

8.6 - 10.0 mg/dL.

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25
Q

Critical values of calcium.

A

<6 or >14 mg/dL.

26
Q

How does acute pancreatitis and vitamin D deficiency affect calcium?

A

Low calcium levels.

27
Q

Symptoms of hypocalcemia.

A

Neuromuscule irritability, CNS changes, cardiac changes.

28
Q

What is the most common condition for hypercalcemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism - caused by tumor producing PTH.

29
Q

Which body systems would be affected by an increased calcium?

A

Neurologic, GI, Renal, Skeletal, Cardiovascular.

30
Q

What method is used for calcium measurement?

A

Colorometric: dye binding.

31
Q

Reference method to measure calcium.

A

Atomic absorption.

32
Q

What are specimen requirements for calcium testing?

A

Whole blood collected anaerobically in heparinized tube.

33
Q

How would air exposure affect calcium testing?

A

pCO2 and H decreases, resulting in decreased calcium.

34
Q

What is defined as the major intracellular anion?

A

Phosphorus.

35
Q

PTH ___ calcium and ___ phosphorus.

A

increases; decreases.

36
Q

Vitamin D ___ calcium and ___ phosphorous.

A

increases; increases.

37
Q

Growth hormone ___ phosphorus.

A

Increases.

38
Q

Reference range of phosphorous.

A

2.4 - 4.4 mg/dL.

39
Q

What are some conditions that can result from hypophosphatemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, decreased intestinal absorption, and increased renal excretion.

40
Q

What are common diseases where hypophosphatemia may occur?

A

DKA, COPD, TPN treatment, malignancy.

41
Q

What are common diseases where hyperphosphatemia may occur?

A

Acute/chronic renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, chemotherapy, vitamin D toxicity, and intravascular hemolysis.

42
Q

What is the ideal specimen for phosphorus testing?

A

Serum or lithium heparin plasma.

43
Q

Phosphorus undergoes ___ making it elevated in the AM and low in the PM.

A

Circadian Rhythm.

44
Q

What testing method is used for phosphorus testing?

A

Colorimetric.

45
Q

Bone turnover-remodeling is regulated what hormones?

A

PTH and Vitamin D.

46
Q

What analytes can be used to assess bone function?

A

Vitamin D, PTH, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate.

47
Q

Calcitonin is a tumor marker for ___.

A

Thyroid.

48
Q

Why is it not unusual for ALP to be elevated in children?

A

Due to bone development.

49
Q

Describe Osteopenia.

A

A condition that begins as you lose bone mass and your bones get weaker.

50
Q

Describe osteoporosis.

A

Decreased bone mass due to aging.

51
Q

Describe osteomalacia.

A

Decreased mineralization in the bone; can be caused by Rickets in children or Vitamin D deficiency.

52
Q

Describe Osteitis fibrosa.

A

Increased bone reabsorption; histopathological bone lesion. Can be common in hyperparathyroidism and renal failure.

53
Q

Describe Paget’s Disease.

A

Increased osteoclastic activity resulting in disordered, excessive osteoblastic activity.

54
Q

What analytes are elevated in Paget’s Disease?

A

Calcium and ALP.

55
Q

Describe osteogenesis imperfecta.

A

An inherited condition that may lead to low bone mass and fractures due to collagen defects.

56
Q

What biochemical assessment markers can be used to assess nutrition levels?

A

Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Micronutrients: minerals, vitamins, trace elements

57
Q

A decreased albumin level in a patient with known lack of nutrition indicates what?

A

Patient is in a starvation mode for low protein state for a long period of time.

58
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A, E, K, and D.

59
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin B complexes, Vitamin C, and carnitine.

60
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) function.

A

Vision; growth, reproduction, and immunity.

MLS 421 Clinical Chemistry II (20 decks)

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