Minerals, Vitamins Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
- Rickets in young animals (misshapen bones, joint enlargement, lameness, and stiffness)
- Osteomalacia in adult animals (weak and brittle bones)
- Poultry: soft beaks and bones, retarded growth, bowed legs, thin-shelled eggs, and reduced egg production
- Milk fever (parturient paresis) in cattle
- Tetany
A
Hypocalcemia calcium
2
Q
- Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption and bone deposition
- Excess phosphorus and magnesium decrease calcium absorption, replace calcium in bone, and increase calcium excretion
- The calcium:phosphorus ratio should be 1:1 or 2:1
- Ensure the absence of fluorine when using rock calcium phosphate, as it is toxic
- A high-fat diet forms calcium soaps of fatty acids, reducing calcium absorbability
A
Calcium (Hypercalcemia)
3
Q
- Rickets in young animals
- Osteomalacia in adult animals
- Reduced egg production in poultry
- Pica in cattle
- Stiff joints and muscular weakness (chronic deficiency)
- Poor fertility and reduced milk yield in cows
- Reduced egg production, hatchability, and shell thickness in poultry
- More common in cattle than in sheep
A
Phosphorus( Hypophosphatemia)
4
Q
- Vitamin D is involved in renal reabsorption and bone deposition
- Excess calcium and magnesium decrease phosphorus absorption
- The calcium:phosphorus ratio should be 1:1 or 2:1
- In male ruminants, excess phosphorus with magnesium may cause urinary calculi
- Excess phosphorus contributes to algal bloom
A
Phosphorus Hyperphosphatemia
5
Q
- Vasodilation
- Hyperirritability with convulsions, loss of equilibrium, and trembling
- Tetany (hypomagnesemic tetany)
A
Magnesium (Hypomagnesemia)
6
Q
- Excess magnesium upsets calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- Toxicity is unlikely
- Potassium reduces the efficiency of magnesium absorption in the rumen
A
Magnesium (Hypermagnesemia)
7
Q
- Reduced growth (reduced utilization of digested proteins and energy)
- Eye disturbances with corneal lesions
- Reproduction impairment (infertility in males, delayed sexual maturity in females)
- Decreased osmotic pressure, leading to dehydration
A
Sodium (Hyponatremia)
8
Q
- Salt toxicity readily occurs in nonruminants with levels above 8% in the diet
- Staggering gait
- Blindness, nervous disorders, and hypertension
A
Sodium ( hypernatremia)
9
Q
- Lethargic condition with a high incidence of comas and death
- Diarrhea, distended abdomen, and untidy appearance
A
Potassium (Hypokalemia)
10
Q
- Excess potassium reduces magnesium absorption
- Magnesium deficiency reduces potassium retention, leading to potassium deficiency
- High in distiller’s grain/draff
A
Potassium (hyperkalemia)
11
Q
- Microcytic-hypochromic anemia (less than normal amount of hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells)
- Anemia may be common in piglets unless iron is supplied
A
Deficiency: Iron
12
Q
- The calcium-phosphorus ratio influences iron absorption
- Copper is required for proper iron metabolism
- Pyridoxine deficiency reduces iron absorption
A
Toxicity: iron
13
Q
- Fading hair coat or lack of wool
- Nervous symptoms (lesions in the brain and spinal cord) or ataxia (enzootic ataxia and swayback in lambs)
- Lameness, swelling of joints, and fragility of bones
- Anemia
A
Copper deficiency
14
Q
- Excess molybdenum (along with sulfur; thiomolybdate CuMoS4) and zinc inhibits copper utilization and storage
- Toxicity occurs at levels above 250 ppm with much the same symptoms as deficiency and/or damage to liver cells
A
Copper toxicity
15
Q
Poor hair or feather development and slipping of wool
* Reduced growth, depressed appetite, poor FCR, rough and thickened skin or parakeratosis in swine
* Chicks: retarded growth, foot abnormalities, swollen hock syndrome
A
Zinc deficiency
16
Q
- High calcium or phytate ties up zinc
- Excess zinc interferes with copper metabolism and may cause anemia
A
Zinc toxicity
17
Q
- Anemia (varies from normocytic-normochromic to megaloblastic or macrocytic)
- Deficiency in ruminants decreases appetite, reduces growth and body weight, and eventually causes death
A
Cobalt deficiency
18
Q
- Related to Vitamin B12
- Toxicity is unlikely (production of Vitamin B12 analogues)
A
Cobalt toxicity
19
Q
- Exudative diathesis (chicks)
- Muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease) in cattle
- Stiff lamb disease (sheep)
- Liver necrosis (pigs, rats)
A
Selenium deficiency
20
Q
- Chronic toxicity yields blind staggers at 10-20 ppm or alkali disease at 5-10 ppm
- Acute toxicity occurs at 20 ppm and above, causing sudden death
- Sulfate protects against toxicity
A
Selenium toxicity
21
Q
- Poor growth (impaired glucose utilization)
- Shortened long bones
- Impaired reproduction (testicular degeneration of males, defective ovulation of females)
- Perosis or slipped tendon in poultry
- Breeding poultry: reduced hatchability and shell thickness
- Head retraction in chicks
- Reduced Vitamin K-induced blood-clotting response
A
Manganese deficiency
22
Q
- Excess calcium and phosphorus decreases absorption of manganese
- Toxicity is unlikely
A
Manganese toxicity
23
Q
- Goiter
- Stillbirths
- Hairless pigs or wool-less lambs at birth
- Weak or dead young
- Impaired brain development
- Reduced fertility in males
- Abnormal estrous cycle
A
Iodine deficiency
24
Q
Long-term intake of high amounts of iodine reduces thyroid uptake of iodine
* Poultry: halted or slowed egg production, early embryonic death, reduced hatchability, and delayed hatching
* Lambs: reduced immunoglobulin and Vitamin E absorption from colostrum
A
Iodine toxicity
25
Excess fluorine is more of a concern than deficiencies in livestock production
Fluorine deficiency
26
* Levels above 5-10 ppm block vital oxidative enzymes by interfering with manganese
* Causes bone deformities, enamel defects, and organ degeneration
* Calcium and aluminum salts protect against fluorine toxicity
Fluorine toxicity
27
* Xerophthalmia
* Night blindness
* Hyperkeratosis
* Skin lesions and bone remodeling
* Poor growth
* Reproductive failures
* Reduced egg production and hatchability
Vitamin A disease and symptoms
28
* Rickets (growing period)
* Osteomalacia (adults)
* Soft eggshells and reduced egg production and hatchability
Vitamin D deficiency disease and symptoms
29
* Muscle dystrophy
* Encephalomalacia
* Exudative diathesis
* Reproductive failures
* Steatitis
Vitamin E
30
Spontaneous hemorrhages and increased blood clotting time with lowered prothrombin levels
Vitamin K
31
* Scurvy—slow wound healing, spongy gums, swollen joints, hemorrhaging, and anemia
Vitamin C ascorbic acid
32
* Polyneuritis and convulsions (head retraction in chickens)
* Cardiovascular disturbance
* Beriberi (humans)
* Anorexia and emaciation
Vitamin B1 thiamine
33
* Ecodermal lesions
* Dermatitis and hair loss
* Curled toe paralysis in birds
* Moon blindness in horses
* Leg troubles in pigs
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
34
* 3 D's—dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
* Pellagra in humans
* Irritability
* Inflammation and ulceration of the mouth, tongue, and digestive tract (black tongue in dogs)
Vitamin B3 Niacin
35
Dermatitis, hair loss, gray hair
* Spastic gait, goose-stepping, or posterior incoordination and paralysis
* Enteritis
* Poor growth and reproduction
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid
36
* Convulsions
* Neuritis and hyperirritability
* Hypochromic-microcytic anemia
* Increased excretion of xanthurenic acid
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine
37
Macrocytic, normochromic anemia with megaloblastic marrow
* Neurological disturbances
* Hatching problems in chicks
* Reduced growth
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin
38
* Dermatitis and hair loss (spectacle eye in rats and mice)
* Reduced growth
* Perosis in chicks
Biotin
39
Macrocytic-hypochromic anemia and leukopenia
* Cervical paralysis in turkeys
* Poor growth
Folacin (folic acid)
40
* Fatty liver and kidney degeneration
* Poor reproduction and lactation in swine
* Perosis in chicks
Choline
