Mini Exam 1 Flashcards
Non Polar Covalent Bonds
when atoms have shared unpaired electrons
-> similar electronegativity, equal sharing
“non-polar”
If elements are “similar” in electronegativity they will make a non-polar covalent bond through equal sharing of electrons.
Polar Covalent Bonds
When atoms have unequal electron sharing
-> significantly different electronegativity
unequal sharing= polarity
Polarity= different “ends”
A polar bond has partial +/- charges at the two ends of the bond
In organic molecules, polar bonds usually come form O-H or N-H groups.
Ionic Bonds
Ions= elements that lose or gain electrons
-> extreme difference in electronegativity
-> electrostatic attraction between ions
-> opposite charges attract (+ to -)
-> electron stripping
Electronegativity
ability to attract and keep electrons
why? this happens because not all electron sharing is the same
Periodic Table: electronegativity increases as you go up and right
(Hydrogen electronegativity is similar to carbon and boron)
Electron Stripping
Occurs in Ions
-> no sharing, electron exchange
Higher electronegativity= gain electron(s)
Lower electronegativity= lose electron(s)
Both get full valence electrons
Electrostatic attraction
-> opposite charges attract
-> form 3D crystals when dry
ex. salts = individual ions dissolve in water
Emergent Properties
Levels of Organization
-> when you put small things together to make bigger more complex things, NEW unpredicted functions appear
ex. stick and string can make a bow, fishing rod, or cat toy (all with different functions).
Structure Function Relationship
“Form follows Function”
the shape (form) of a function makes it particularly good at doing something (function)
Function
what something literally does
Energy Transformation
Creating organization requires energy
-> Potential
-> Chemical
-> Mechanical
-> Kinetic
Ex. stages of shooting a bow an arrow
Cell Theory
All cells come from other cells
-> cells inherit things from the cells before them
All life is made of cells
Common Features of All Cells
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- DNA based chromosomes
- Ribosomes make protein
- RNA
Types of Cells
Prokaryotes
-> bacteria
-> archea
Eukaryotes
-> protists
-> fungi
-> plants
-> animals
Prokaryotic Cells
-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
no internal membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
-> cell membrane
-> cytoplasm
-> chromosome (dna)
-> ribosomes
-> endomembrane system
-> membrane bound organelles
-> cytoskeleton
many internal membranes
Endomembrane system
endo=interior
includes nuclear envelope, rough er, smooth er, Golgi, vesicles and endosomes/lysosomes
advantage: carpartmentalization
-> allows eukaryotes to do many biochemical processes at the same time
-> forming many cellular compartments
Complex Cytoskeleton
-> internal support structures in the cell
-> diversity of elements
-> maintains shape and movement of organelles
->needed for large cells with complex shapes that interact with each other and move around
Hydroxyl
OH
hydrogen bonded to oxygen
adds polarity to organic molecules
O-H
Carbonyl
=O
double bond oxygen
-> alters shape and reactivity of molecule
->changes how molecules are used in certain chemical reactions
->used for energy transferring reactions
Carboxyl
COOH
-> adds negative charge in water
-> donate H+ to water
C=O
-O-
Amino
NH3
-> adds positive charge to molecules
H
|
N– H+
|
H
Sulfhydryl
SH
->creates covalent bonds between different molecules or proteins (disulfide bridges)
R–SH
Methyl
CH3
-> temporary change identity of molecules to regulate function
H
|
C—- H
|
H
Phosphate
PO4
-> adds energy to molecules, less stable & more chemically reactive
O
||
O—– P —- O-
|
O-
