Mini Exam 4

Question 1

What is the gender wage gap?

Answer 1

The difference between the median wages of the average man and the average women who work full-time, year-round

Question 2

Misconceptions About the Gender Wage Gap

Answer 2

It does not exist
It’s simply a reflection of women’s choices and preferences about work
A result of overt-based gender discrimination
Gender wage gap only affects cisgender women

Question 3

What Explains the Wage Gap?

Answer 3

41% of the gender gap cannot be explained
Job segregation: 49%
Labor force experience: 10%
Unexplained (likely discrimination): 41%

Question 4

2 reasons why the gap narrows over time

Answer 4

women’s rising wages since 1970s
loss of men’s income in same period)

Question 5

What does the trend of race/ethnicity say?

Answer 5

Women of all races make less than their male counterparts, but the size of the gap varies by race

Question 6

How does age depict a trend?

Answer 6

The wage gap appears and widens sharply through the 20s and 30s
Why: Children/Family
women are burdened with childcare and the labor at home, which creates inflexibility in their job
Social pressures in the workplace - especially from employers
Certain assumptions are made about women with children which allows for lower pay

Question 7

Where is the gap largest in terms of education?

Answer 7

The gap is largest among college-educated men and women who earn professional degrees

Question 8

What 3 things explain the gender wage gap?

Answer 8

Gendered job Segregation
Gender Discrimination
Practice and Ideology of Parenting

Question 9

What is gendered job segregation?

Answer 9

The practice of filling occupations with mostly men or mostly women workers
Jobs are not naturally gendered

Question 10

Where is there job segregation?

Answer 10

Between Occupations and Industries
Within Occupations and Industries

Question 11

Where does job segregation come from? (3 hypotheses)

Answer 11

Socialization Hypothesis
Employer Selection Hypothesis
Selective Exit Hypothesis

Question 12

Socialization Hypothesis

Answer 12

men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs

Question 13

Employer Selection Hypothesis

Answer 13

employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion

Question 14

Selective Exit Hypothesis

Answer 14

an explanation for job segregation that emphasizes workers’ abandonment of counter-stereotypical occupations

Question 15

How Does Job Segregation Affect Wages?

Answer 15

Jobs that are strongly male-dominated are among the highest-paying
Women dominate two-thirds of the lowest-paying professions
It has to do with how we value different kinds of labor

Question 16

Andocentric pay scale

Answer 16

the correlation between wages and the gender composition of a job

Question 17

Emotional labor

Answer 17

the act of controlling one’s own emotion and managing the emotions of others

Question 18

Jobs dominated by women tend to be defined as…

Answer 18

outside the realm of work because they are believed to utilize skills seen as coming “naturally” to women

Question 19

Care Work

Answer 19

Work that involves caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

Question 20

What does job segregation create and contribute to?

Answer 20

Job segregation doesn’t just create a differentiated workforce; it creates an unequal one
Job segregation contributes to the gender pay gap because we attribute more value to “men’s work” than “women’s work”

Question 21

Lilly Ledbetter’s Fair Pay Act of 2009

Answer 21

Loosened time restrictions on filing equal pay discrimination lawsuits, resetting the 180-day filing period each time discrimination occur

Question 22

Trans people often have…

Answer 22

different work experiences post-transition, clarifying the ways gender shapes the workplace

Question 23

Benevolent Sexism

Answer 23

discrimination in the form of chivalry - but works in a way that disadvantages women

Question 24

Hostile Sexism

Answer 24

demonstrating hostility toward women; may or may not be sexual in nature

Question 25

Women pose a symbolic threat...

Answer 25

their presence potentially threatens the identity of the dominant group

Question 26

Double Bind

Answer 26

a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory, making success unattainable

Question 27

For women in male-dominated occupations...

Answer 27

The glass ceiling is the invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations When women do break through a ceiling, they often encounter a glass cliff - a heightened risk of failing as compared to similar men

Question 28

For men in female-dominated occupations…

Answer 28

The glass escalator is the invisible ride to the top positions offered to men in female-dominated occupations

Question 29

Token

Answer 29

Individuals in an extreme numerical minority who are socially isolated, highly visible, and adversely stereotyped

Question 30

Why does status matter for a token group?

Answer 30

matters for how tokens will be perceived and treated

Question 31

the glass escalator assumes a...

Answer 31

racial homogenization

Question 32

What Causes the Glass Escalator Effect?

Answer 32

Relationships with colleagues and supervisors Perceptions of suitability for job Distance from femininity

Question 33

What are the relationships with colleagues and supervisors

Answer 33

Close ties that men create with their supervisors The idea that gender connects them Women play a significant role in the implementation of the glass escalator in men’s careers

Question 34

What are the perceptions of suitability for job

Answer 34

Pushes men from the feminine aspects of a job to more masculine ones The perception that men aren’t well suited to nursing pushes them out of the feminine aspects of the job into more masculine- associated roles (with more authority, prestige, status, and pay)

Question 35

What is distance from femininity

Answer 35

Men disassociate themselves from the feminine aspects of a job to hold on to their masculine privilege in the field

Question 36

Where is the glass escalator most prominent?

Answer 36

The glass escalator effect is more prominent in care-oriented professions (like nursing, social work, and teaching)

Question 37

Wingfield’s Findings: “Glass Barriers” (3)

Answer 37

Gendered racism limits bonds with supervisors and colleagues Negative racial stereotypes skew perceptions of suitability for nursing Refusal to reject femininity

Question 38

Racializing the Glass Escalator

Answer 38

The glass escalator is a phenomenon that reproduces racial and gender advantages in the workplace

Question 39

Intensive Mothering

Answer 39

the idea that mothers should be self-sacrificing while emotionally and physically available to their children

Question 40

Ideal Worker Norm

Answer 40

The standard for work that demands undivided commitment and loyalty to a job at the expense of other priorities, including family time

Question 41

The Motherhood Penalty

Answer 41

the documented wage penalty associated with becoming a mother that can’t be explained by job experience, education, or work hours

Question 42

Fatherhood Premium

Answer 42

the documented wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers may be mostly about men leaning into work before or after a child is born fathers are increasing the time they spend at work when there are children at home

Question 43

Mommy Track

Answer 43

Employers expect less commitment from mothers (with the understanding that they’re sacrificing the right to expect equal pay, regular raises, or promotions)

Question 44

Correll 2017 Resume Study

Answer 44

Correll (2017) send 1,276 fake resumes for a marketing job that gave hints of parental status and gender to 638 actual employers Mothers receive fewer than half as many callbacks as non-mothers Fathers were rated more favorably than non-fathers

Question 45

Because women are clustered in industries with low pay...

Answer 45

families with women breadwinners are increasingly experiencing poverty and homelessness

Question 46

Medical understandings of female fertility emphasize

Answer 46

Age: the decline of fertlity with age Eggs: the limited quantity and diminishing quality of eggs with age Egg freezing preserves a person’s fertility in anticipation of aging-related fertility decline if they’re not ready to become pregnant now but would like to get pregnant later

Question 47

What is Egg Freezing?

Answer 47

Step 1: two weeks of self-injected hormonal medications to stimulate ovaries Step 2: egg retrieval surgery Step 3: harvested eggs frozen and stored indefinitely for future IVF use

Question 48

How Effective Is Egg Freezing?

Answer 48

The clinical pregnancy rate per frozen and thawed egg is 4.5-12 percent Success depends on two factors: Age at which a person freezes Number of eggs extracted and frozen

Question 49

How Much Does Egg Freezing Cost in the US?

Answer 49

Approx. $15,000-20,000 Medical treatment: $11,000 Hormonal medication: $5,000 Egg storage: $2,000 Average cost of a single IVF cycle in the US: $23,000

Question 50

What Are The Risks of Egg Freezing?

Answer 50

Bodily risks Emotional risks False hope “A very expensive lottery ticket”

Question 51

Why is Egg Freezing Sociologically Important?

Answer 51

Gender and Motherhood Cultural understandings of womanhood still emphasize motherhood Gender and Work Conditions of professional work create insurmountable time pressures between career advancement and family formation

Question 52

Egg Freezing Research Method

Answer 52

40 interviews with child-free, professional women of reproductive age who work in cities and industries where egg freezing is increasingly being offered as an employee benefit