miniq Flashcards
(317 cards)
1
Q
- What does sterilisation mean?
A
a. Killing procedure of any kind of germs.
2
Q
- What does disinfection mean?
A
a. Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.
3
Q
- Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?
A
a. The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.
4
Q
- Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?
A
a. 180°C; 1 hour, 160°C; 2 hours, 140°C; 3 hours.
5
Q
- Parameters of the autoclaving?
A
a. + 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.
6
Q
- Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?
A
a. Etilene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolacton
7
Q
- The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation
A
a. Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products.
8
Q
- Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.
A
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
9
Q
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
A
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS
10
Q
What are the disinfectants?
A
Chemical agents used on inanimate/non-living surfaces.
11
Q
What are the antiseptic agents?
A
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
12
Q
What does serological reaction mean?
A
Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
13
Q
What does agglutination mean?
A
Serological reaction where the antigen is cell-mediated
14
Q
What does precipitation mean?
A
Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin, virus particle)
15
Q
What are the bacterial cell-surface antigens?
A
O: cell wall
H: flagella
K: capsule
16
Q
What does antibody titre mean?
A
The highest dilution fold/the lowest antibody concentration where we still see antibody-antigen reaction
17
Q
What is iatrogenic infection?
A
Infection caused by medial staff during investigation or treatment.
18
Q
What does noscomial infection mean?
A
Infection occured in hospital 48h after hospitalisation
19
Q
What are the contents of vaccines?
A
- Live attenuated microbe
- killed microbe
- Toxoid
- antigens of the microbe
20
Q
What does the native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
A
the microbe is examined without killing procedure.
21
Q
What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 example)
A
- Shape
- Size
- Motility
Also
- staining
- accessory information (capsule, spore formation)
- Formation
22
Q
Solutions of gram-stain
A
- Sodium oxalate
- Crystal violet
- Iodine
- Ethanol (96%)
- Safranin/fucshin
23
Q
What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
A
- Anaerostate
- Gas-pack jar
- high agar
- Anaerobic chamber
24
Q
Definitions:
- Bacteriostatic
- Bacteriocidal
A
- inhibition of bacterial growth
2. killing bacteria
25
Definitions:
Selective toxicity
The antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria but not the human host
26
Chemotherapeutic infex
dosis tolerata maxima/dosis curative minima
27
1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics
| 2. Glycopeptide antibitoics
```
Penicilin
Cephalosporin
Carbapenems
Glycopeptides:
- Vancomycin
- Teicoplanin
```
28
Membrane function alternating antibiotics
Polymyxin
29
Protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics
(30S)
Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline
()
(60S)
Macrolide
Chlorampenicol
Linezolid
30
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor antibiotics
Quinolones
Rifampin/Rifampicillin
Sulphoamide
Trimetroprim
31
Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
1. Conjugation (plasmid)
2. Transduction (bacteriophage)
3. Transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
32
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms are
1. Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics
2. efflux pump
3. modifiying the antibiotic binding site
(also: not in minimal questions)
(4. Overproduction of target
5. Change of membrane permeability)
33
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant s.aureus
34
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta-lactamase enzymes
35
What does MIC mean?
Minimal inhibitory (bacteriostatic) concentration of an antobiotic measured in microgram/ml.
36
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bacteriocidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in microgram/ml.
37
Definitions:
1. MBL:
2. MACI:
3. PACI:
1. MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase
2. MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
3. PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
38
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharides?
- Hib (against H.influenzae type B)
- Prevenar/pneumovax (against 13/23 serotypes of strep.pneumoniae)
- Meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY)
39
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and haemoculture
40
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
Blood
Urine
Broncho-alveolar lavage.
41
What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin?
Infections caused by exotoxins:
1. tetanus
2. Botulism
3. Diphteria
42
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?
Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)
43
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?
Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)
44
Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci
Gram +, arranged in grape-like structures
45
Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate
- average size,
- round colonies with butter consistency,
- golden pigment
production
- beta-haemolysis
46
What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)
- Protein A,
Enzymes: (except Leukocidin and haemolysins):
- endocoagulase (clumping factor),
- exocoagulase,
- adhezins,
- teicoic acid,
- hialuronidase,
- protease,
- lipase,
- DN-ase.
47
What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
a. Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin
48
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
(1. Suppurative infections)
- Septic arthritis
- Skin:
1. Folliculitis (Min Q)
2. Furuncle (Min Q)
3. Carbuncle (Min Q)
4. Impetigo (Min Q)
5. Cellultis
6. Bullus impetigo
7. Wound infections
(2. Systemic infections)
- Osteomyelitis (Min Q)
- Infective endocarditis
- Pneumonia (Min Q)
- meningitis
- sepsis
(3. toxin-mediated diseases)
- scalded skin syndrome
- toxic shock syndrome
- staph food poisening (Min Q)
49
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins?
a. Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
50
List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!
S. epidermidis,
S. saprophyticus,
S. haemolyticus,
S. lugdunensis
51
52. Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci
Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.
52
53. Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
53
Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate
small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone
54
Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
55
Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans,
S. mitis, S. salivarius)
56
Which species is the Lancefield group A streptococcus?
a. Streptococcus pyogenes
57
58. Which species is the Lancefield group B streptococcus?
Streptococcus agalactiae
58
. What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes?
59
Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
a. Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin
60
hat is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?
Hyaluronic acid
61
Disease cause by Streptococcus pyogenes? (3 examples)
1. Pharyngitis
2. Erysipelas
3. Cellulitis
4. Scarlet Fever
5. Necrotizing fasciitis
6. TSST
62
What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
63
Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?
- S.pyogenes
| - S.agalactiae
64
What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus
agalactiae?
- meningitis
- sepsis
- pneumoniae
65
Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive diplococci
66
How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.
67
. Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?
S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)
68
What kind of disease can be cause by viridans group streptococci?
Dental decay or endocarditis.
69
Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?
a. E. faecalis and E. faecium
70
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
a. Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci
71
73.What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
a. Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.
72
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.
73
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?
By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.
74
What diseases will Neisseria meningitidis cause?
sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Frederickson syndrome
75
What diseases will Neisseria gonorrhea cause?
Gonorrhoea, blenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.
76
What is the causative agent for Waterhouse-Frederickson?
Neisseria meningitidis
77
What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Microscopic examination
Gram stainig
latex agglutination
78
What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.
79
What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?
Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum
80
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?
serotype B
81
How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae strains?
Hib vaccine
82
What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?
Ulcus molle
83
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis.
84
What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)
```
Fimbria,
Pertactin,
Pertussis toxin,
Tracheal cytotoxin,
Dermatonecrotic toxin.
```
85
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Franciella tularensis
86
What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)
B. abortus
B. suis
B. canis
B. melitensis
87
What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)
1. pulmonary anthrax
2. cutaneous anthrax
3. GI anthrax
88
What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?
Food poisening, wound infection
89
What is the causative agent for pseudomembraneous colitis
C.difficile
90
What bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?
C.botulinum
91
What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?
C. tetani
92
What is the treatment of Botulism?
polyvalent antitoxin
93
What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?
vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation
94
Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)
Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum.
95
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
96
How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
By Elek’s-test, Römer-test (in guinea pig).
97
What is the treatment of diphtheria?
Passive immunisation,
giving antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin)
artificial ventilation if is necessary.
98
Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)
Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans,
Corynebacterium minutissimum,
Corynebacterium urealyticum.
99
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.
100
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?
Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis
101
What is the treatment of Listeriosis?
Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.
102
What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
103
Which bacteria can cause dental decay?
Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.
104
Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
mycobacterium bovis,
Mycobacterium africanum.
105
What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
106
How long can be cultivated the causative agent of human tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?
6-8 weeks.
107
How can be prevented the human tuberculosis?
By BCG vaccine. (bacillus calmette-guerin)
108
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
Mycobacterium avium komplex,
Mycobacterium kansasii,
Mycobacterium marinum,
Mycobacterium ulcerans.
109
Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?
Mycobacterium smegmatis.
110
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae.
111
What are the types of leprosy?
Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy.
112
What is the treatment of leprosy?
Dapson, clofazamin, rifampicin.
113
How can Nocardia stain?
It is Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive
114
What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)
Actinomyces israelii,
Actinomyces naeslundii,
Actinomyces odontolyticus.
115
Which E. coli can be toxin producer? (3 examples)
ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC
116
What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli
Urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis.
117
What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.
118
Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?
Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis
119
What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)
Shigella dysenteriae,
Shigella flexneri,
Shigella sonnei.
120
Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia pestis.
121
What is the spreading way of the plague?
By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets.
122
What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection.
123
What is the causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
124
What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)
Vibrio cholera,
Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
Vibrio vulnificus.
125
What are the characteristic biochemical features of P.aerginosa?
obligate aerboic, oxidase positive
126
Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.
127
Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram-negative rod.
128
What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?
Nosocomial lung infections, wound and blood stream infections.
129
What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aerginosa?
Multiresistant, based on antibiogram
130
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?
Hospital environment
131
What does MACI mean in microbiology?
Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
132
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
nosocomial lung infection,
| sepsis
133
What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Multiresistant
134
How can Legionella pneumophila spread?
By aerosol
135
What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?
By serology from blood,
| By immune chromatography
136
Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori.
137
What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?
Bacteroides fragilis.
138
Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira
139
What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?
Treponema vincentii and Fusobacteria.
140
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
141
How can syphilis spread?
By sexual contact, transplacental,
| by blood transfusion and by organ transplantation.
142
What is the first symptom in syphilis?
Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.
143
In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?
2nd stage
144
In which stages is syphilis contagious?
1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency.
At 3rd stage only in utero infections may occure.
145
When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?
In all stages.
146
What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?
ELISA, TPHA, TPPA (treponema pallidum particle agglutination)
147
When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the
a. infection?
- RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
- To detect the reinfection
- To control the effectiveness of the therapy
148
What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?
RPR and VDRL
149
What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?
Lyme diseases and relapsing fever
150
How can the Lyme disease spread?
By the bite of thick.
151
What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)
Borrelia burgdorferi,
Borrelia afzelli,
Borrelia garini
152
What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?
Borellia recurrentis.
153
What is the vector of Lyme diseases?
Tick
154
what is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis
Body louse
155
What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?
Bacterial antigen changing
156
What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?
Erythema chronicum migrans
157
What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?
Leptospira ichterohemorrhagiae
158
What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by
a. Leptospira?
Serous, non-purulent
159
What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?
Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.
160
How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed?
By serology, ELISA screening test and fro confirmation immunoblot is used.
161
Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma
162
Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila.
163
What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?
Rickettsia prowaczekii
164
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
165
What is the causative agent of parrot fever?
Chlamydophila psittaci.
166
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.
167
What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3?
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
168
What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?
They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion enhancers.
169
What is the effect of the cholera toxin?
Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion
170
What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?
S.aureus, S.pyogenes
171
What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
172
What is the causative agent of Trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis A,B,C
173
What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
174
List 4 capsulated bacteria from the list below!
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes
175
How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?
20-30%
176
How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
94
177
What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?
s.pneumoniae
178
What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to toxoid – recommended for new-borns and in elderly
b. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers.
179
* What are the fungal cell components (3example)?
a. Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall build up by chitin, glucan, or
cellulose.
180
* Classification the fungi by morphology?
Unicelllular or yeast
Multicellular or mould
Dimorphic
181
* Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus
They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature
182
* List at least two asexual spore types
Blastopore
Conidia
Arthrospore
Spherule
183
* What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
25 degree celcius or 37 degree celcius to detect the dimorphism.
184
* What kind of culture media can be used to cutivate fungi?
Sabouraud culture media
185
* What are the content (2 examples) of Sabouraud culture media?
- Antifungal agents against environmental moulds
- carbohydrates
- antibiotics
186
*What kind of disease can be caused by fungi?
- allergic reactions
- intoxications
- mycosis (tissue damage of fungi)
187
*Classification of the mycosis?
```
Superficial,
Cutaneous,
Subcutaneous,
Systemic,
Opportunistic mycosis
```
188
*What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 examples)
```
Gram
Methylene blue
India ink
PAS
Gömöri-Grocott staining
```
189
*Mode of action of the antifungal drugs?
- Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis,
- Pore formation on membrane,
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis,
- inhibition of cell division
190
*List three causative agent of systemic mycosis
coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Paracoccoidoides immitis (mener de brasiliensis?)
191
*List two candida species
- Candida albicans
- C. tropicalis
- C. krusei
- C. glabrata
- C. parapsilosis
192
*List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis
- candida sp
- cryptococcus neoformans
- pneumocystic jirovecii
- aspergillus sp
- penicillum sp
- mucor sp.
- rhizopus sp.
193
*Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
sporothrix shenkii
194
*what is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
malassezia furfur
195
*List two causative agents of dermatomycosis
- trichopyton sp
- microsporum sp.
- epidermophyton sp
196
*What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 examples)
- tinea pedis
- T.manus
- T.capitis
- T.corporis
- T. faciei
- T. barbae
197
*List two trichophyton species
- trichphyton rubrum
- t. schonleinii
- t. tonsurans
- t. verrucosum
198
*What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
- Anthropophilic - human
- Geophilic - soil
- Zoophilic - animal
199
*What are the development stages of the protozoa?
Trophozoit and cyst
200
*What are the properties of the trophozoit?
Can move, feed, multiply and die
201
*What are the properties of the cyst?
Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical activity is a dormant structure
202
*How can the protozoa be classified?
By the type of movement:
- amoeba
- ciliate
- flagellate
- sporozoa
203
*List two amoebas
- Entamoeba sp
- Acantamoeba sp
- Naegleria sp
204
*What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entaemoeba histolytica
205
*What can entomoeba histolygica cause?
- amoebic dysentery
| - liver, lung and brain abscess
206
*What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri
207
*What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani
208
*Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
209
*What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
210
*Which protozoon can cause prosteatitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
211
*Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?
trichomonas vaginalis
212
*which protozoa can spread by the bite of a sand fly?
Leishmania sp
213
*What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp?
cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis
214
*How can leishmaniosis diagnose?
Giemsa-staining of biopsied material
215
*Treatment of leishmaniosis?
Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B
216
*What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
| - Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
217
*How can be sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of tsetse fly
218
*What are the symtoms of sleeping sickness?
Letargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma
219
*What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?
Suramin, melarsoprol
220
*What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
221
*How can spread the Chagas disease?
By the feces of the kissing bug dyring the bite
222
*What is the treatment of Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox, the chronic stage is untreatable
223
*What kind of disease can be caused by cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts t 1-2 week
224
*What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
oral rehydration
225
*What is the final host of toxoplasma gondii?
cats
226
*In which population can toxoplasma cause serious disease?
in pregnant women and in immunocompromised population
227
*what is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
spiramycin, pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
228
*How can malaria spread?
By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transplacental and by transfusion
229
*What are the symtoms of malaria? (4 symtoms)
- periodic high fever
- chills
- headache
- pain in joints and muscle
- anaemia
- hepato and splenomegaly
- kidney failure
230
*How can malaria diagnose?
- blood: thick droplet, thin film stained by Giemsa, IF, PCR
231
*What is the treatment of malaria?
- Chloroquine
- Mefloquine and artemisin
- Hypnozoites by primaquine
232
*Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?
Chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline
233
*Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against plasmodium falciparum. The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.
234
*How can Balantidium coli spread?
By fruits, vegetable contaminated by big manyre or by fecal-oral route
235
*What are the symtoms of balantidiasis?
Dysentery with abdominal pain, tenesmus.
236
*Treatment of balantidiasis?
Metronidazole, tetracycline.
237
*Classification of the helminths by morphology?
Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms
238
*What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes? (3 examples)
they are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, do developed digestive systems
239
*What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?
water snail
240
*What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
241
*What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
Bithionol or triclabendazole
242
*What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?
Paragonimus westermani
243
*What are the symtoms of paragonimiasis?
night weats, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia?
244
*What us the treatment of paragonimiasis?
Praziquantel or bithionol
245
*What are the blood flukes?
Schistosoma mansoni,
S. japonicum
S. haematobium
246
*What flukes can live in the intestinal venules?
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum
247
*Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?
Schistosoma haematobium
248
*What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?
Praziquantel
249
*What is the intermediate host of taenia saginata?
Cattle
250
*What is the intermediate host of taenia solium?
Pig
251
*What kind of human diseases can be caused by taenia solium (2 examples)?
Tape work infection and cysticerus cellulosae
252
*What is the treatment of taeniasis?
Niclosamide, mebendazole (?)
253
*What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?
Diphyllobothrium latum
254
*What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
Niclosamide
255
*Which vitamine deficiency can cause by diphyllobothrium latum?
The lack of B12
256
*How can hymenolepsis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
257
*Which helminths can develop hydatid cycsts?
Echinococcus granulosus
| Echinococcus multilocularis
258
*How can be hydatid cysts treated?
By albendazole or surgical removing
259
*Which helminths can cause itchiness in anus?
Enterobius vermicularis
260
*How can be treated the infection caused by enterobius vermicularis?
by mebendazole
261
*How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
by sticky tape or scotch tape
262
*Which helminth can cause diarrhea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
263
*Which helminth can cause protein deficiency? (Kwashiorkor syndrome)
Ascaris lumbricoides
264
*Which helminths can suck blood?
Ancylostoma duodenale
| Necator americanus
265
*What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?
Mebendazole and albendazole
266
*Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis?
267
*What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?
Visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome
268
*What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
269
*What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
270
*What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Serology from blood
271
*What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?
Mebendazole, Albendazole and can acts only on intestinal helminths
272
*What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elphantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
273
*How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite?
274
*What is the treatment of filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazin
275
*Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
276
*Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
277
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses? (3 examples)
Pharyngitis, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuctival fever, acute haemorrhagic cystisis, gastroenteritis
278
How can parvovirus spread?
By respiratory droplets
279
What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses? (3 examples)
Erythema infectiosum
Hydrops fetalis
Aplastic anaemia
280
What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses?
Cervix cancer
| tumor in oral cavity
281
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?
conduloma acuminatum, warts
282
What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)
JC: progressive multifocal leucopathia (PML)
BK: haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
283
What can HHV1 (herpes simplex virus 1) cause?
```
Herpes labialis
Herpes simplex dermatitis
Eczema herpeticum
Herpes gladiatorym
Herpetic whitlow
```
284
What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex vrus 2) cause?
Herpes genitalis
Neonatal herpes
Encephalitis
285
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?
By acyclovir
286
What can VZV (varicella zooster virus) cause?
Chickenpox and shingles
287
How can chickenpox prevented?
By vaccine (live attenuated)
288
What can EBV (Epstein Barr virus) cause?
Mononucleosis infectiosa
Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oral hairy leucoplakia
289
What can CMV (cytomegalovirus) cause?
```
hepatitis
pancreatitis
pneumonitis
nephritis
myocarditis
encephalitits
chorioretinitis
eosophaitis
colitis
congenital infections
```
290
What can HHV-6 cause?
Encephalitis
Pneumonitis
Chorioretinitis
Exanthema subitum or roseola infantum
291
What can HHV-7 cause?
```
Encephalitis
Flaccid paralysis
Hepatitis
Gastritis
Lymphadenopathy
Diarrhea
Pityriasis rosea
```
292
What can HHV-8 cause?
Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma
293
How can hepatitis B virus spread?
by parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal
294
How can hepatitis B virus infection treated?
by interferon, by nucleotide analogues
295
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?
by direct contact and cause benign tumor of the skin
296
What can poliovirus cause?
aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrom
297
What can coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
A:
- herpangina
- hand-foot-mouth disease
- acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
B:
- Pleurodynia or Bronholm disease
- myocarditis
- pancreatitis
298
What can rhinoviruses cause?
sore throat, running nose, coughing
299
how can hepatitis A virus spread?
by faecal oral route, by contaminated food, by contaminated water
300
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?
by faecal oral route, by contaminated water, by aerosol. Can cause diarrhea vomiting
301
How can rotaviruses spread and what can cause?
by faecal-oral route and can cause diarrhea and vomiting
302
How can hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?
by contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental.
Can cause acute hepatitis.
303
How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?
by mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human.
304
How can hepatitis C virus spread?
by parenteral way, by blood, by tattooing.
305
Which population is at risk during Rubella virus infection?
Pregnant women because can cause in-utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
306
How can influenaza viruses spread and what can cause (3 examples)?
- by respiratory droplets.
| Symptoms: high fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sometimes GI symptoms.
307
How can Morbilivirus virus and what can cause?
by respiratory droplets and can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplic spots.
308
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
Pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE: subacute sclerotizing panencephalitis
309
How can Mumpsvirus spread and what are the symtoms?
by respiratory droplets.
Symtoms:
- inflammation of salivary gland, pancreatisis, orchitis, deafness.
310
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Lyssa virus
311
How can rabies prevented?
by vaccine administered post exposure
312
What is the treatment of HIV infection?
By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors
313
How can HTLV-1 spread?
By sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breastfeeding
314
How can Dengue-fever virus spread?
by mosquito bite
315
List two members of Flaviviruses
Yellow-fever virus
Dengue-fever virus
Tick-born encephalitis virus
Zika-virus
316
What does arbovirus mean?
Arthropod born viruses
317
List two diseases caused by prions
Kuru
Fatal familiar insomnia
Creutzfeldt-Jacob syndrome
Bovine Spongiform encephalitis
