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Minor Illnesses Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

What is fifth disease ?

A

Or slapped cheek
They may get a pink or red lace like rash on their arms. This rash comes and goes and ma spread to their legs, trunk and buttocks.
It is caused by an airborne virus called parvovirus B19.

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2
Q

What causes the common cold ?

A

Rhinoviruses
Influenza

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3
Q

what are the clinical features of a common cold ?

A

Sneezing
Dry sore throat
Rhinorrhoea
Headache

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4
Q

What are some complications of a common cold ?

A

Otitis media
Sinusitis
Pneumonia

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5
Q

What are the treatment options of the common cold ?

A

No specific treatment

Decongestants
Antihistamines
Analgesics

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6
Q

What is a cough ?

A

Non specific symptom and can be described as a forced expulsive manoeuvre usually against a close epiglottis with an associated sound.

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7
Q

What are some common airway irritants causing a cough ?

A

Smoke
Dust
Dandruff
Mucous
Infections
Allergens
Chemicals

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8
Q

What are some causes of an active cough ?

A

Viral URTI
Asthma
Pneumonia
Acute bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
COPD

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9
Q

What are some causes of a chronic cough ?

A

Asthma
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
CF
Use of ACEi
Smoking

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10
Q

What is important in to determine in the treatment of a cough ?

A

If it is life-threatening ( foreign body aspiration, pneumonia or PE ) or not ( URTI, allergy exposure )

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11
Q

When having a cough what are some features that patients may have which increase the risk of complications ?

A

Having a comorbidity
Older than 65
Having diabetes, congestive HF
Prematurely born children

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12
Q

What is otitis media ?

A

An inflammation of the middle ear sometimes associated with an upper respiratory tract infection

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13
Q

When should antibiotic treatment be offered for otitis media ?

A

Offer oral antibiotics to children with otitis media who are systemically unwell and to those at high risk of complications because of pre-existing comorbidity

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14
Q

What is acute mastoiditis ?

A

The result of extension of acute otitis media into the mastoid air cells with an accompanying suppuration and bone necrosis which may result in extra dural and subperiosteal abscesses.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of acute mastoiditis ?

A

Earache, persistent and throbbing
A creamy, often profuse ear discharge
Increasing deafness

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16
Q

What are some signs of acute mastoiditis ?

A

Pyrexial and ill looking
Tenderness over the mastoid antrum
Pinna may be pushed down and forward
Tympanic membrane is either red or bulging or perforated
Conductive deafness

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17
Q

What is seen in some investigations for acute mastoiditis ?

A

Raised WCC especially neutrophils
Opacity and air coalescence seen on mastoid radiograph
Abscesses

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18
Q

What is the treatment of acute mastoiditis ?

A

Antibiotics IV
The aim is to drain the mastoid antrum and air cells without touching the middle ear, ossicles or external meatus - post-aural incision

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19
Q

What are some clinical features of pharyngitis ?

A

Sore throat
Dysphagia
Malaise
Redness

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20
Q

What are some causes of pharyngitis ?

A

Viral infections including flu and measles
EBV - glandular fever
Scarlet fever
Typhoid fever

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21
Q

What is the management of pharyngitis ?

A

Analgesia
If feverPAIN score is higher than 4 or 5 consider antibiotics

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22
Q

What are the complications of pharyngitis ?

A

Bacterial pharyngitis may lead to the development of peritonsillar or parapharyngeal abscess

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23
Q

What are some clinical features of tonsillitis ?

A

Sore throat
Otalgia
Headache and malaise

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24
Q

What is seen on examination in tonsillitis ?

A

Pyrexial
Enlarged tonsils - exuding pus
Inflammation of pharyngeal mucosa
Enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes

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25
What are some differentials for tonsillitis ?
Infectious mononucleosis Scarlet fever Diphtheria
26
What are some complications of tonsillitis ?
Otitis media Peritonsillar abscess Pulmonary infections Acute nephritis
27
What is a UTI ?
Urinary tract infection is the presence and multiplication of micro-organisms in one or more structures of urinary tract with organisms invading the surrounding tissue.
28
What are some clinical features of a lower UTI ?
Dysuria, frequency, urgency and a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying Lower abdo pain Haematuria
29
What are some clinical features of upper UTI’s ?
Loin pain Flank tenderness Fever Rigors
30
What are some risk factors for developing a UTI ?
Diabetes mellitus Pregnancy Genitourinary malformation renal stones
31
What are some investigations for a UTI ?
Urine dipstick Urine microscopy, culture
32
What is the management for an uncomplicated UTI in woman ?
Consider a back up antibiotic prescription - Review antibiotics after results return First line - nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim
33
What is the management of UTI’s in men ?
Send midstream urine for culture and susceptibility Immediate antibiotic treatment should be offered Choice of antibiotics : trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin
34
What is candidiasis ?
An infection with the yeast candida albicans It is a normal commensal in the GI tract, mouth and vagina but not on the skin
35
What is used to determine whether a patient with pneumonia is treated at home or in a hospital ?
Clinical judgement supported by the CURB-65 score
36
What is antibiotics are given for a community acquired pneumonia ?
First line - Amoxicillin 500mg 3 x a day Doxycycline or clarithromycin are alternatives
37
What is the most common organism causing CAP ?
Streptococcus pneumoniae - a paired capsulated gram-positive organism often preceded by a viral infection.
38
What are some clinical features of CAP ?
More common in winter months URTI’s are a predisposing factor Sudden onset Fever and rigors Cough - sputum Rapid and shallow breathing
39
What are some investigations performed for CAP ?
Chest radiology FBC - raised WCC, Raised CRP Sputum culture
40
What is given for severe CAP ?
Intravenous antibiotics - co-amoxiclav
41
What preventative measures are there for CAP ?
Pneumococcal vaccination
42
What are some complications of CAP ?
Pleural effusion Empyema septic arthritis pericarditis endocarditis peritonitis cellulitis meningitis
43
What is an abscess ?
A pus-filled lesion, arbitrarily defined as being less than 1 cm in diameter, enclosed in a pyogenic membrane.
44
What is the most common causes of abscesses ?
Staphylococcus infections within the skin
45
What are the general clinical features of an abscess ?
Erythema Tender Painful If severe : - pyrexia - malaise - sweating
46
What may be given for abscesses to obviate the need for surgery ?
Antibiotics - early and appropriate
47
Surgical treatment depends on the site of the abscess. What are some examples ?
Skin lesions may require simple incision and drainage with or without packing the cavity Abdominal lesions may be approached with USS or CT guided percutaneous drainage or laparotomy and definitive drainage Pancreatic abscess requires the entire wound to be left open and repeatedly packed.
48
What is influenza ?
An upper respiratory tract infection caused by a virus. There are 3 serotypes - A,B and C.
49
What are some clinical features of influenza ?
Fever Malaise Headache Cough Myalgia Fatigue Nasal congestion Sore throat
50
What are some complications of influenza ?
Acute bronchitis Influenza related pneumonia Exacerbations of chronic lung diseases Otitis media Exacerbation of HF
51
What is the advice for management of influenza ?
Paracetamol for symptom relief Drink plenty of fluids Rest Avoid smoking Stay at home
52
How does vaginal candidiasis present ?
Irritation or itching White Vaginal discharge Dysuria or dyspareunia Vulva is Red and oedematous White lumps on vulva
53
What are some investigations for vaginal candidiasis ?
Microscopy and culture of exudate Urine tested for sugars
54
What is the treatment of vaginal candidiasis ?
Apply anti fungal agents, avoid re-infection from sexual partner, keep vulva clean and dry as well as cool. Medications : Clotrimazole Fenticonazole Fluconazole
55
What are some factors that can pre-dispose someone to a candida infection ?
Immunosuppressive drugs Endocrine disease HIV Hematinic deficiency Old age, young age or pregnancy Poor oral hygiene Broad spectrum antibiotics Heavy smoking
56
What are some clinical features of oral candidiasis ?
Dysphagia Altered taste White curd like pseudomembrane seen on tongue and upper mouth Burning sensation White plaques or patches
57
What is the management of oral candidiasis ?
Identify and correct any underlying causes or predispositions such as any deficiencies Topical anti fungal treatment such as miconazole oral gel for 7 days or nyastin suspension
58
What are some risk factors for back pain ?
Heavy physical work Frequent bending Twisting Poor lifting technique Pulling or pushing Repetitive work Static posture
59
What is the management of back pain ?
Management mainly focuses on triaging patients into 3 categories : Low back pain Nerve root pain Other serious causes Analgesia is provided for people suffering
60
What is GORD ?
It is defined as symptoms or mucosal damage by abnormal reflux of gastric content into the oesophagus.
61
What are the typical symptoms of GORD ?
Heartburn Acid regurgitation
62
What are some possible extra-oesophageal clinical features of GORD ?
Hoarseness Sore throat Sinusitis Otitis media Chronic cough Laryngitis
63
What are some complications of GORD ?
Severe erosive oesophagitis Barrett’s oesophagus Oesophageal carcinoma Haematemesis Melaena
64
What is the management of GORD ?
Have an endoscopy If damage seen - PPI given - omeprazole or lansoprazole
65
What is the definition of diarrhoea ?
The passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools associated with increased frequency of defecation.
66
What are some basic investigations to carry out for chronic diarrhoea ?
FBC ESR and CRP Check for vit B12, folate, calcium and ferritin TSH levels Serological tests for coeliac - tTGA and endomysium antibody Stool tests Faecal calprotectin
67
What is the treatment for diarrhoea ?
Usually self limiting Fluids and electrolyte replacement Symptomatic relief to reduce bowel frequency and pain - opiates. Antibiotics may be needed if infective cause
68
What is constipation ?
It is the infrequent or difficult evacuation of faeces.
69
what causes constipation ?
Organic obstruction Medications - codeine Diet Metabolic imbalance
70
What are some clinical features of constipation ?
Infrequent, incomplete evacuation of stools Anorexia Abdominal discomfort Abdominal pain Tenderness
71
What are some investigations for chronic constipation ?
Sigmoidoscopy and barium enema to exclude carcinoma or diverticular disease. Blood tests - thyroid hormone, calcium levels Drug history reviewed
72
What management should be given for constipation ?
Treat underlying cause Advise high fibre diet and increase fluid intake Laxatives - not first line If there is faecal impaction use an enema
73
What are the classifications of a headache ?
Primary headache disorders - migraine - tension headache - cluster headache Secondary headache disorders -lesions causing it
74
What are some clinical features of a migraine ?
Periodic headaches with complete resolution Stages - prodrome, aura, headache then resolution
75
What is the management of a migraine ?
Offer oral Triptan and an NSAID or paracetamol for acute attacks
76
what are some complications of migraines ?
Increased risk of stroke ( ischaemic ) Associated with depression, anxiety and panic disorders
77
What is syncope ?
A sudden loss of consciousness which is caused by inadequate blood supply to the brain. Recovery is spontaneous
78
What is another differential for syncope ?
Epilepsy
79
What should be asked in the history of someone who had a syncopal episode ?
Did they having a warning sensation prior - blurring of vision, dizziness or nausea Were they sitting or standing prior How long were they unconscious Were there convulsions Any palpitations Incontinence or tongue biting
80
What should be examined if someone has a history of faints ?
Pulse BP - lying and standing Cardiac murmurs Neurological exam Any signs of tongue biting or bruises
81
What is a sprain ?
Soft tissue damage of a joint - ligament out and capsular damage - localised condition
82
What is the management of a sprain ?
RICE Analgesia
83
What is eczema ?
A common and chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterised by intense Pruritus and excoriation with erythematous, xerotic, fissured skin.
84
What are characteristic features of eczema ?
Itch Hot skin Oedema Oozing or weeping Crusting Excoriation
85
What is the management of eczema ?
Emollients or topical corticosteriods Topical calcineurin inhibitors
86
What is urticaria ?
A vascular reaction of the skin marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches which are red or pale swellings that are often attended by itching May have angio-oedema
87
What are some causes of urticaria ?
Idiopathic Drug induced Allergic - food
88
What is the management of urticaria ?
Avoid triggers Diet modifications Use of antipruritic lotion Antihistamines
89
What is psoriasis ?
A common chronic sin disease characterised by cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyper proliferation particularly on the scalp, sacral area and over the extensor aspect of the knees and elbows.
90
What are some causes of psoriasis ?
Genetic Infection Stress Trauma Drugs Smoking and alcohol
91
What is the treatment of psoriasis ?
Corticosteroids, vitamin D and vit D analogues Phototherapies

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