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USMLE > Mirco > Flashcards

Mirco Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diphtheria toxin. Inactivate elongation factor

EF-2

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2
Q

some toxins encoded by lysogenic phages

A

ABCDE

  • shigA-like toxin -Botulinum toxin
  • Cholera toxin -Diphtheria toxin -Erythrogenic toxin of -Streptococcus pyogenes
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3
Q

examples of Obligate anaerobes

A

-Actinomyces -Bacterioides -Clostridium

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4
Q

Bacterial cAMP inducers

A

cAMP

  • Choerae
  • Anthrax
  • E.coli (imagine the heat (heat -labile) has caused the E to faint and as fallen over to make an M
  • Pertussis
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5
Q

Peliosis Hepatis

A

is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver.

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6
Q

Peliosis Hepatis causes

A

HIV bartonella malignancy drugs

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7
Q

Leptospira interrogans appearance and where found

A

Question marke shape spirochete bacteria in water contaminated with animal urine

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8
Q

Leptospira interrogans clinical findings

A

luelike with fever, headache, stomach pain and jaundace
also Weil’s disease - severe form of jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia

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9
Q

Tricky T’s”

A

-Typhoid fever=Salmonella typhi -C.trachomatis=bacteria, STD. -Trichomonas vaginalis=protozoan, STD. -Trichinella spiralis=worm in pork. -Trypanosoma=Chagas’ disease or African ss. -Treponema=spirochete; causes syphilis (T. pallidum) or yaws (T. pertenue).

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10
Q

Hepatitis virus families

A

HEP A-picornavirus HEP B-Hepaddnavirus HEP C-flavivirus

HEP D-deltavirus HEP E-Calicivirus/hepivirus

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11
Q

congenital rubella findings

A 
# malformations of the heart (especially patent ductus arteriosus), eyes or brain
# deafness
# eye defects (especially cataract and microphthalmia
# thrombocytopenic purpura (presents as a characteristic "blueberry muffin" rash)
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12
Q

rubella findings

A

fever, lympadenopathy, arthralgias. mild in children, but serious congenital disease

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13
Q

TORCHES infection Toxoplasma

A

“clasic triad” of chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (ring enhanced lesions) and hydrocephalus

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14
Q

TORCHES infection Rubella

A

Deafness, cataracts, PDA/pulmonary artery stenosis, retardation

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15
Q

TORCHES infection CMV

A

petechial rash, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice. 90% are asymptomatic at birth

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16
Q

TORCHES infection HIV

A

hepatosplenomgaly, neurologic problems, and frequent infections

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17
Q

TORCHES infection HSV-2

A

encephalitis, conjunctivitis, vesicular skin lesions

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18
Q

TORCHES infection Syphilis

A

cutaneous lesions, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice, saddle nose, saber shins, hutchinson teeth, CNVIII deafness,

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19
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Children (6 wks–18 yr)

A

-Viruses (RSV) -Mycoplasma -Chlamydia pneumoniae

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20
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (18–40 yr)

A

-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae

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21
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Adults (40–65 yr)

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A

-Mycoplasma -C. pneumoniae -S. pneumoniae

22
Q

Top three causes of pneumonia in Elderly >65

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A

-S. pneumoniae -Viruses -Anaerobes

23
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in Newborn (0–6 mos)

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A

-Group B streptococci -E. coli -Listeria

24
Q

Top three causes of meningitis in Children (6 mos–6 yrs)

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A

-Streptococcus pneumoniae -Neisseria meningitidis -Haemophilus influenzae type B

25
Top three causes of meningitis in 6–60 yrs
-N. meningitidis -Enteroviruses - S. pneumoniae
26
Top three causes of meningitis in 60 yrs +
-S. pneumoniae -Gram-negative rods -Listeria
27
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Inactivate elongation factor | (EF-2) ; Host Cell death
28
Shigella spp.
Shiga toxin (ST); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; GI mucosal damage -->Dysentery ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
29
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) including0157:H7 strain
Shiga-like toxin (SLT); Inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA; SLT enhances cytokine release, causing H US; unlike Shigella, EHEC does not invade host cells
30
Enterotoxigenic | E. coli (ETEC)
Heat-labile toxin (LT) = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (6 cAMP) - ^CL-­ secretion in gut and H20 efflux Heat-stable toxin (ST) = Overactivate guanylate cyclase (^ cGMP) --> decreased resorption of NaCI and H20 in gut Watery diarrhea: labile in the Air (Adenylate cyclase), stable on the Ground (Guanylate cyclase).
31
Bacillus anthracis
Edema factor = Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (^ cAMP) Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
32
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera toxin = Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by permanently activating Gs --> ^ Cl- secretion in gut and H20 efflux; Voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea
33
Bordetella pertussis
Overactivates adenylate cyclase (^ cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe; Whooping cough
34
Clostridium tetani
Tetanospasmin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release; Muscle rigidity and "lock jaw"; toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters in spinal cord
35
Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum toxin = Cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release; Flaccid paralysis, Aoppy baby; toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junctions -+ Aaccid paralysis
36
Clostridium perfringens
Alpha toxin = Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes; Degradation of phospholipid C -+myonecrosis ("gas gangrene") and hemolysis ("double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar)
37
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptolysin 0 = Protein that degrades cell membrane; Lyses RBCs; contributes to B-hemolysis; host antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever (do not confuse with immune complexes of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis)
38
Staphylococcus Aureus
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-l) = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 --> shock; Toxic shock syndrome: fever, rash, shock; other toxins cause scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin) and food poisoning (enterotoxin)
39
Streptococcus pyogenes
Exotoxin A = Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside ofantigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of iFN-y and IL-2 --> shock; Toxic shock syndrome :fever, rash, shock
40
N. gonorrhoeae agar
Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); "to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client"
41
N. meningitidis agar
Thayer-Martin (or VPN) media-Vancomycin (inhibits gram-positive organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram-negative organisms except Neisseria), and Nystatin (inhibits fungi); "to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client"
42
B. pertussis agar
Borclet-Gengou (potato) agar (Bordet for Bordetella)
43
M. tuberculosis agar
Lowenstein-Jensen agar
44
C. diphtheriae agar
Tellurite plate, Loffler's media
45
M. pneumoniae agar
Eaton's agar
46
Lactose-fermenting enterics Agar
ink colonies on MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink); E. coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as colonies with green metallic sheen
47
Legionella agar
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
48
Fungi agar
Sauboaurds agar
49
Live attenuated
``` BCG measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) oral polio yellow fever oral typhoid ```
50
Inactivated preparations
rabies | influenza
51
Detoxified exotoxins
tetanus
52
Extracts of the organism/virus (sometimes termed fragment)
diphtheria pertussis ('acellular' vaccine) hepatitis B meningococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus

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