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MIS Flashcards

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1
Q

Define national identity

A

a person’s subjective feeling of belonging to a particular nation, which may or may not be the same as their ethnicity or legal nationality

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2
Q

What is national sovereignty

A

The ability of a place and its people to self govern without any outside interference

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3
Q

As of 2020, how many people worldwide lived outside their country of birth

A

281 million

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4
Q

What are the 2 main migration trends

A

Rural to Urban Migration
Rise in International Migration

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5
Q

What migration pattern exacerbates the difference between core and periphery areas and how does it work

A

Rural-urban migration

Growth in a core area which better attracts businesses and people can drain resources, capital, and people away from the periphery, leading to economic decline and depopulation in the surrounding areas via a positive feedback loop

This is called the backwash effect

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6
Q

Give an example of a country that has experienced large amounts of rural-urban migration

A

China - as a result of its 1978 Open Door Policy, decollectivisation of farms led to more people seeking manufacturing jobs in urban cities. From 1978-2017, 550 million people moved from rural to urban areas which allowed China to increase its productivity and therefore grow most from exports

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7
Q

Economic Migrant vs Asylum Seeker vs Refugee vs Irregular Migrant

A

Economic Migrant - Someone who emigrates for better financial opportunities

Asylum Seeker - Someone whose application for ‘refugee’ status is still pending

Refugee - Someone who has emigrated to escape war, natural disaster or persecution

Irregular Migrant - Someone who enters a country illegal or stays in the country without a valid visa or permit

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8
Q

3 factors that influence international migration

A

Environmental Factors - People whose livelihoods are disrupted by climate change (like droughts in Ethiopia) may move for increased safety and protection. Natural disasters may force people to emigrate too

Economic Factors - People with better job opportunities may experience more immigration than others. Also economic depressions lead to a reduction in immigration while economic booms often do the opposite

Political Factors - Conflict may force a population to emigrate for safety

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9
Q

Describe Lee’s model of migration

A

People will only migrate if the balance of push and pull factors overcome the difficulty of any intervening obstacles to migrating

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10
Q

Give an example of a country with very open immigration policies and how has this impacted its culture

A

Singapore - More open immigration policies are exist, and alongside Singapore’s pull factors of high paying jobs and safety, immigration is high. In 2020, 43% of Singapore’s population were immigrants

This has led to a ‘melting-pot’ culture with a large variation of religions and ethnicities, and extremely high tolerance of others

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11
Q

Give an example of a country with strict immigration policies which looks likely to change and how has this impacted its culture

A

Japan - It has historically had extremely strict immigration policies leading to only 3% of its population being foreign residents

This has preserved the unique Japanese Culture and maintained a homogenous society

However, its ageing population has led to dramatic worker shortages in industries like retail and healthcare, leading to many Japanese people and politicians advocating for immigration to increase the workforce and solve the age crisis

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12
Q

Give an example of a country with strict immigration policies which looks unlikely to change and how does this affect the culture

A

Australia - They have had strict immigration policies in order to reduce strain on housing and services. It has points systems and skill assessments to assess how well an immigrant could contribute to the economy of Australia and therefore accepts skilled workers while often rejecting unskilled asylum seekers

Although immigration is low compared to other developed countries, the high skill level of immigrants there creates positive attitudes towards immigrants building a more tolerant culture

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13
Q

5 economic theories for migration

A

Neoclassical Economic Theory: The idea that the main push/pull factor between countries is wage differences

Relative Deprivation Theory: Awareness of successful migrants encourages more people to migrate

Dual Labour Market Theory: The idea that developed countries encourage migrants in order to fill lower paid labour jobs the host population doesn’t want to do

World Systems Theory: Dependency on more developed countries, especially former colonists, creates trade routes which drives migration

New Economics of Labour Migration: The idea that you can not generalise reasons for migration as push and pull factors as it is more complex and unique to each household

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14
Q

How many immigrants entered the EU in 2022

A

5.1 million

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15
Q

What event in 2015 increased anti-immigrant sentiments amongst EU members

A

Paris Bombings 2015 (done by a Syrian refugee)

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16
Q

Give an example of how technology has increased illegal immigration

A

In 2015 a Facebook group with 100,000 members was discovered which advised members on how to avoid authorities when illegally entering the EU

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17
Q

Give an example of a conflict which has led to increased emigration

A

Syrian Civil War - 14 million fled their homes and around 7 million fled the country

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18
Q

What is a preferential trade area

A

Countries within a geographical trade area which agree to reduce or remove tariff barriers on certain goods imported from other countries in an area.

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19
Q

What are free trade areas

A

A region which abolishes all tariffs or quotas of goods imported from elsewhere within the area (although keeping tariffs from outside the area)

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20
Q

What are customs unions

A

A region which abolishes all tariffs or quotas of goods imported from elsewhere within the area and establish a unified tariff on countries outside the group

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21
Q

What are common markets

A

Members of a common market operate a tariff on imports from outside the group and allow the free movement of labour and capital

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22
Q

What are economic unions

A

Have tariffs on external imports and have common policies in areas like agriculture, pollution, industry and energy (eg. the EU)

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23
Q

What is the impact from changing to Preferential Trade Areas –> Free Trade Areas –> Customs Unions –> Common Markets –> Economic Unions

A

It increases unity and integration between countries within the union and creates more institutions, but decreases national sovereignty

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24
Q

What is the North-South Divide and the North-South Drift

A

North-South Divide: The general difference in quality of life and opportunities between the south (perceived to be wealthier) and the north (perceived to be poorer)

North-South Drift: The general trend of people moving from the north to south in search of better opportunities in living and employment

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25
Why has the North-South Drift accelerated since the 1980s
Mass deindustrialisation during the term of PM Margaret Thatcher led to a decline in employment in the North forcing many to move South since for work
26
What are negative externalities
Costs suffered by people or places as a result of changing economic activity (e.g. mass emigration, pollution)
27
What is the Schengen Agreement and when was it set up
It is an agreement between EU countries to allow open borders allowing for free movement of people and goods It was set up in 1985 between France, Germany and the Benelux countries, but was expanded in 1999 to include all EU members (except the UK pre-Brexit, Ireland and Cyprus)
28
What economic theory suggests that the Schengen Agreement is beneficial for 'periphery' members and what suggests its a bad thing for them
Good: Trickle Down Economics - The idea that the Schengen area benefitting the EU as a whole will leave some money to trickle down to periphery states Bad: Backwash Effects - The idea that due to better economic opportunities many people and businesses will leave peripheyr countries for core ones which leaves the peripheral countries without a source of income
29
What is ethnicity
The shared identity of an ethnic group which may be based on common ancestral roots or cultural characteristic such as language, religion, diet or clothing
30
What is integration
The eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant or minority community
31
What sociocultural factors cause ethnic segregation in the UK
- Many immigrants prefer to live closer to those that share their culture for a greater sense of community - Hostility from other ethnicities may discourage some people living in certain places
32
What economic factors cause ethnic segregation in the UK
- Areas which have a high demand for workers often attract migrants which can establish a community - Areas with lower priced housing may appeal more to immigrants with less money
33
Give an example of a European country who has experienced high and low success in integrating diverse cultures with a fact
High integration: The UK - A 2010 study revealed that 90% of people born in Britain descended from immigrants consider themselves British Low integration: Germany: Only 8.6% of Turkish people in Germany attend the most advanced category of secondary school compared to 34.% of Germans within Germany
34
4 reasons why the rate of assimilation varies between countries
- Openness of government policy - Ability of immigrants to speak host language - Tolerance of host country - Whether people live in an ethnic enclave or not
35
3 economic and 1 demographic impact of emigration for country of origin
Economic: - Remittances are sent back which can be used to finance better education and healthcare - Loss of labour may reduce TNC investment - Loss of young workforce reduces economic development Demographic: - Less working age population causing an ageing population
36
3 economic, 2 demographic, 2 cultural impacts of immigration for host country
Economic: - Migrants take up lss desirable jobs for cheap wages which the host country's population would not want - Migrants with skills and education can grow the economy - It increases strain on services and housing which can raise costs Demographic: - Larger amount of young working age people - Population increase from raises to both immigration and natural increase Cultural: - Creation of new ethnic shops and buildings - Ethnic enclaves are created
37
What are 2 examples of intervening obstacles in migration and give an example of each
- The country of origin may be extremely switched off making emigration difficult or impossible (North Korea) - The host country may have strict immigration laws (Japan)
38
What is a : - Nation - State - Nation State
Nation: A group of people bonded by ethnicity, culture, language and customs. It does not necessarily have physical boundaries (eg the Kurds) State: A political entity or sovereign territory that has physical boundaries (eg. any country) Nation State: A physical territory with borders where the cultural boundaries match with the political boundaires (eg. Japan)
39
What is the difference between European countries and Middle Eastern / North African countries in reference to the concept of nation states
European countries have borders which are defined by physical boundaries such as mountains or rivers. This usually encloses one culture and therefore each state within Europe can be considered a nation state MENA countries have straight line borders created by colonists without accounting for culture. This means many of these countries are not nation states as they have multiple conflict ethnicities and cultures within their borders
40
Provide 3 examples of contested borders
China/Taiwan Russia/Ukraine India/Pakistan
41
Describe the contested borders of China and Taiwan
Both sides claim to be the legitimate government of China following the Chinese Civil War where the current Taiwenese government was forced to escape to Taiwan after losing the civil war in mainland China
42
Describe the contested borders of Ukraine and Russia
Ukraine, upon gaining independence from Russia, had control over regions like Crimea and Donbas as they were part of the Ukrainian SSR. However, these areas are ethnically majority Russian which has led to an ongoing war since Russia claims it should control the ethnically Russian area
43
Describe the contested borders of India and Pakistan
Kashmir has been controlled by India since 1947 upon the independence of them and Pakistan, but Pakistan has claimed it due to it having a Muslim majority, leading to numerous escalations as recently as May 2025
44
Patriotism vs Nationalism
Patriotism involves a sense of pride for one's country, while nationalism extends this and often involves the belief that their country is superior to others
45
Describe how French and German nationalism has influenced the culture of Alsace-Lorraine
France has historically wanted it to preserve control over all land West of the Rhine - which it saw as theirs Germany has historically wanted it to unify the German speaking population as the region speaks German largely This has led to numerous conflicts and repeated trading of ownership - today, it is under French control but both French and German culture is strong in the region and both languages are taught in schools there
46
5 reasons why many former colonies have experienced a lack of development and rise in conflict since decolonisation
- Economic Dependence on their former colonist leading to exploitative trade deals - Transition to self-government causes a rise in coups and civil war - Bad designation of borders lead to clashes between cultures and ethnicities causing civil war - Brain drain to European countries - Lack of infrastructure and support from colonists
47
Describe the Rwanda Genocide
Over 100 days in 1994, around 800,000 Tutsis were killed by the Hutus. Tensions were caused by the period of colonisation, as both the Germans and Belgians viewed the minority Tutsis as superior, which escalated in 1994 at a point where Hutus were in power Many developed countries including the USA and France did little to intervene and avoided referring to the conflict as a genocide to downplay the extent of the violence in order to not have to be involved
48
Describe post-colonial conflict in Sudan
Due to its large size and straight-line borders, Sudan has a large number of competing ethnicities. The government, largely arab, has been accused of marginalising the black and other non-arab people living in Sudan This has led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011 and an ongoing civil war mainly in the Darfur region since 2023
49
What do Rwanda and Sudan both have in common
They have both experienced political instability as a result of poor colonial management
50
What are the 3 non-EU countries whose populations immigrated to the UK most in 2024 and what do they all have in common
India, Nigeria, Pakistan (all former British colonies)
51
What act catalysed immigration of former colonial populations to the UK
The 1948 Nationality Act which protected the rights of former colonies to emigrate to the UK which encouraged mass immigration from 1948 to help rebuild UK post WW2
52
What event catalysed EU immigration to the UK
Post-Accession: In 2004, 10 countries, mostly former USSR states like Poland, joined the EU which led to a huge influx of immigrants to the UK until Brexit
53
What is the Overseas Citizen of India Card
A scheme which allows Indians who have emigrated to other countries the right to move back to India
54
How many countries and citizens does the Commonwealth have
56 countries, 2.7 billion people
55
What is a tax haven
A country or territory with low or zero tax rates for income//corporation tax
56
3 reasons why people/companies use tax havens
- It is cheaper - It is legal - It helps hide criminal activity like money laundering
57
What is the estimated amount of tax income that countries will lose to tax havens from 2023-2033
$4.8 trillion
58
What is the main reason for businesses not using tax havens
It can damage their reputation
59
Why are tax havens threatened
Many non-tax haven governments as well as the public demand changes to tax havens to ensure businesses pay a fair share In 2021 the finance minister of the G7 advocated for a global corporation tax of 15% which has since been backed by countries like China and Russia
60
Give a stat showing the scale of global equality
In 2016 Oxfam revealed that the richest 62 people were as rich as the bottom 3.6 billion people
61
Why is global inequality bad
It prevents opportunities for the majority of the population to grow and develop the economy - this means that as well as reducing quality of life for many people, it also stunts economic growth as only a small amount of people would contribute to economic growth Studies also show that unequal countries have 4x higher homicide rates than equal countries regardless of wealth
62
Give a case study of a country that has used alternative models of development
Bolivia - from 2006 - 2017, the poverty rate in Bolivia fell from 60% to 35%, with 5% annual economic growth. PM Evo Morales has deterred foreign involvement in natural resources of bolivia in order to reduce economic inequality and has tripled the minimum wage to support the poorest in the country from 2006-17
63
What is an IGO
An intergovernmental organisation - An organisation made up of several sovereign states
64
What is global governance
The rules and norms used to regulate human activity at an international level
65
What are the 5 main purposes of the UN
- Maintain international peace - Protect human rights - Deliver humanitarian aid - Promote sustainable development - Uphold international law
66
When was the UN (alongside related bodies like the FAO, UNESCO, World Bank and IMF) set up
1945
67
When was Declaration of Human Rights Signed
1948
68
What are the following UN Organisations: FAO WHO WFP
FAO: Food and Agricultural Organisation (Promotes food security and agricultural development) WHO: World Health Organisation (Focuses on international health issues and has helped to vastly reduce polio and leprosy) WFP: World Food Programme (Provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters and war, feeding 90 million a year)
69
How many times has the USA used its veto to protect Israel and what does this signify
42 times (out of USA's 83 ever) This shows a failure of UN governance as one country can prevent multiple attempts to uphold international law
70
2 reasons for and against the statement that IGO's infringe on the economic sovereignty of countries
For: - SAPs (eg. Jamaica who were forced to allow for the imports of goods like potatoes which they already grew which made local farmers lose out to American ones) - WTO (Encourages trade which encourages World Systems Theory) Against: - WTO (Encourages modernisation theory via economic stimulus, increases growth by 2.5% after accession to WTO) - HIPC (A programme between the World Bank and IMF which clears debt for countries struggling with it like Uganda who received $700 million in debt relief since 1996)
71
3 advantages of joining a trade bloc
- Access to wider markets - Reduced likelihood of conflict - Greater political influence
72
3 disadvantages of joining a trade bloc
- Possible trade wars with other trade blocs - Administration and membership costs - Loss of sovereignty
73
What is CITES and how successful is it
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Bans trade of endangered species and their products, ratified by 183 countries as well as the EU. Has protected species like the Hawaiian nene bird however some countries ignore it without consequence to grow their economy (eg Japan with whaling)
74
What was the Montreal Protocol and how successful was it
An agreement signed in 1987 and undertook in 1989 between every country that banned CFC molecule usage in products like deodorant, as it harmed the ozone layer. Complete success, saved the ozone layer
75
2 arguments for and against IGO's being successful in managing environmental issues
For: - CITES - Montreal Protocol Against: - Kyoto/Paris - Trasnboundary Water
76
How do sovereignty and nationalism relate and give an example
Nationalism can often rise in order to protect the perceived sovereignty of a country nationalism for example was a large reason for Brexit happening which led to the UK leaving the EU which many thought was harming British sovereignty
77
How does globalisation harm perceived national identity in the UK
The shrinking world effect caused by foreign imports and businesses, immigration and information via internet has led to foreign flows entering the UK which many believes damages the national identity
78
What 3 areas influence British national identity
Education/History (eg Empire) Culture/Sports (eg Music/Food/Football) Politics (eg Democracy)
79
What is the difference between cultural and political identity
A person may feel politically connected to a country but not culturally and vice versa, for example an Indian in the UK may feel politically connected to Britain but follow Indian culture more
80
How has France protected its national identity
Introduced a 1994 law stating that 40% of songs on French Radios must be songs sung in French
81
Give examples of 3 British companies which are now owned by foreign companies
Cadbury's owned by US company British Steel owned by Chinese company Jaguar owned by Indian company
82
Give one benefit and two drawbacks of foreign owned companies taking over British ones
They often provide investment and boost the local economy and jobs However Their corporate taxes are paid overseas providing the Uk with less money and it is possible that the foreign company closes UK sites, for example Tata (Indian) who considered closing factories in Port Talbot when the population is dependent on it
83
How do TNCs spread Westernisation
Encouraging Westernculture through food, movies and products which often promote capitalist values and convenience
83
Give an example of a property in London that is majority foreign owned with 1 benefit and drawback
St George's Wharf Tower - 2/3 of the 214 flats are foreign owned and rarely used It provides jobs and investment in cities like London which has gone towards being affordable housing However it often prices UK residents out of London properties
84
Give 2 case studies on national disunity in Europe
Catalonia - Produces 20% of wealth in Spain and feels the government is not investing in them as much as they contribute and in 2017 90% voted for independence in a referendum deemed illegitimate by Spain. It has its own culture and language Scotland - 45% voted to leave the UK in 2014, however it would reduce its political power and lose it access to the G7 and UN security council 5 for example

Geography Human (4 decks)

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