Misc

Question 1

Lamina I of dorsal horn?

Answer 1

Input from Ad and C nociceptors forms the spinothalamic tract, forms topographical input, spinomesencephalic tract projects here to reticular formation and PAG

Question 2

Lamina II of dorsal horn?

Answer 2

Interneurones, nociceptors and substantia gelatinosa

Question 3

Lamina III of dorsal horn?

Answer 3

Interneurones

Question 4

Lamina IV of dorsal horn?

Answer 4

Interneurones

Question 5

Lamina V of dorsal horn?

Answer 5

Touch Ab fibres from mechanoreceptors, Ad fibres make up the spinothalamic tract, wide dynamic range neurones respond to innocuous stimuli and low intensity and noxious stimuli at high intensity, spinomesencephalic tract projects from here to the reticula formation and PAG

Question 6

Lamina VI of dorsal horn?

Answer 6

Contributes to spinothalamic tract

Question 7

Lamina VII of dorsal horn?

Answer 7

Intermediate zone, contributes to spinothalamic tract, spinoreticular tract projects from here

Question 8

Lamina VIII of dorsal horn?

Answer 8

Ventral horn, spinoreticular tract projects from here

Question 9

Layer II of sensory cortex?

Answer 9

Goes to other cortical regions - ipsilateral SII, contralateral SI, posterior parietal cortex and motor cortex

Question 10

Layer III of sensory cortex?

Answer 10

Goes to other cortical regions - ipsilateral SII, contralateral SI, posterior parietal cortex and motor cortex

Question 11

Layer IV of sensory cortex?

Answer 11

Thalamic inputs here

Question 12

Layer V of sensory cortex?

Answer 12

Goes to subcortical structures like basal ganglia and brainstem

Question 13

Layer VI of sensory cortex?

Answer 13

Back to thalamus

Question 14

Layers I, II, III and IV of LGN?

Answer 14

Parvocellular input from P ganglion cells

Question 15

Layers V and VI of the LGN?

Answer 15

Magnocellular input from M ganglion cells

Question 16

Layer II of visual cortex?

Answer 16

Pyramidal neurones project to higher visual areas, complex cells common here, CO blobs for colour

Question 17

Layer III of the visual cortex?

Answer 17

Pyramidal neurones project to higher visual areas, complex cells common here, finest detail here, CO blobs for colour

Question 18

Layer IV of the visual cortex?

Answer 18

Input - LGN fibres terminate on spiny stellate neurones here, magnocellular inputs terminate on 4Ca, parvocellular terminates on 4Cb, simple cells common here, finest detail here in 4C, well developed - called Stria of Gennari

Question 19

Layer V of visual cortex?

Answer 19

Projects to deep brain structures, complex cells common here, larger fields here

Question 20

Layer VI of visual cortex

Answer 20

Projects back to thalamus, simple cells common here, larger fields here

Question 21

What is spina bifida occulta?

Answer 21

Meninges all present

Question 22

What is meningocoele?

Answer 22

Arachnoid and subarachnoid space herniate

Question 23

What is meningomyelocoele?

Answer 23

Spinal cord and meninges herniate

Question 24

What is secreted to pattern tectum and cerebellum?

Answer 24

FGF8

Question 25

What patterns rostrocaudal axis?

Answer 25

FGF8 from isthmus

Question 26

What patterns dorsoventral axis?

Answer 26

Notochord using Shh

Question 27

Which layer of cerebral cortex forms first?

Answer 27

VI

Question 28

What is precursor of PNS?

Answer 28

Neural crest and cranial neurogenic placodes

Question 29

What do cranial neurogenic placodes form?

Answer 29

Cranial sensory PNS and many neurones in the cranial sensory ganglia

Question 30

What is the origin of most trigeminal sensory ganglions?

Answer 30

Neural crest

Question 31

Diffusible attractive?

Answer 31

NGF/netrin

Question 32

Diffusible repulsive?

Answer 32

Semaphorins, netrin, slit

Question 33

Contact attractive?

Answer 33

CAMs

Question 34

Contact repulsive?

Answer 34

Semaphorins, Eph ligands

Question 35

What is the target-derived NGF receptor called?

Answer 35

TrkA

Question 36

What is an ECM protein which inhibits axon growth in the axon scar?

Answer 36

CSPGs

Question 37

Are oligodendrocytes growth stimulatory or inhibitory?

Answer 37

Inhibitory

Question 38

How does NGF work?

Answer 38

Binds to receptor at axon terminal and is transported back to cell body where it prevents apoptosis

Question 39

What is Nogo produced by?

Answer 39

Oligodendrocytes

Question 40

CSF composition?

Answer 40

No protein, low K+ and glucose, high chloride

Question 41

Which glial cells make a glial scar?

Answer 41

Astrocyte

Question 42

Where do neuroepithelial stem cells divide?

Answer 42

Ventricular zone

Question 43

What do neuroblasts migrate on?

Answer 43

Radial glia

Question 44

Where are radial glia cell bodies?

Answer 44

Ventricular zone

Question 45

What has the axon growth cone got?

Answer 45

Flat lamellipodium and long filopodium

Question 46

What is homophilic?

Answer 46

Same CAM on other cell

Question 47

What is heterophilic?

Answer 47

Another CAM on another cell

Question 48

What ensures nerves and bones don't mix and generates spinal nerve segmentation?

Answer 48

Eph ligands

Question 49

What happens to C axons in netrin knockout mouse?

Answer 49

Fail to reach floorplate

Question 50

How are retinal axons guided?

Answer 50

Repulsion - gradients of Eph recognition molecules (temporal axons express EphA receptor)

Question 51

What does neurexin bind to?

Answer 51

Neurolignin

Question 52

What is neuropraxia?

Answer 52

Stretch

Question 53

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Answer 53

Distal fragmentation of axon and myelin

Question 54

What is a growth cone?

Answer 54

Axon regenerates through tube of Schwann cells

Question 55

What is regeneration like after a crush?

Answer 55

Accurate

Question 56

Why is regeneration inaccurate after a cut?

Answer 56

Wrong endoneurial tube

Question 57

Why can't mature axons grow long distances?

Answer 57

Impaired re-induction of growth associated genes

Question 58

Structure of an acute lesion?

Answer 58

Debris and bleeding, chronic stage has fibrotic core (macrophages and ECM) surrounded by astrocytic scar

Question 59

Which enzyme promoted recovery after a spinal cord injury?

Answer 59

Chondroitinase

Question 60

What do olfactory ensheathing cells do by mingling with astrocytes?

Answer 60

Myelinate demyelinated axons and phagocytose debris

Question 61

What do neural progenitor cells form?

Answer 61

Neurones, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Question 62

Where are brain stem cells in the foetus?

Answer 62

Ventricular and subventricular zone

Question 63

In teh adult brain where are new neurones supplied for?

Answer 63

Olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus