misc

Question 1

which artery would cause an extradural haematoma/haemorrhage?

Answer 1

MMA

Question 2

what is horners syndrome?

Answer 2

damage to sympathetic nerves of face by neck lesions

miosis, ptosis, less sweating on side effected

Question 3

what is impetigo?

Answer 3

staphylococcal skin infection - highly contagious

Question 4

sign of obstructive jaundice?

Answer 4

pale stool, dark urine

Question 5

what virus is kaposi’s sarcoma associated with?

Answer 5

HHV8

Question 6

what should you do as a dentist if your patient has yellow sputum?

Answer 6

sign of URTI - defer treatment

Question 7

sign of thyroglossal cyst?

Answer 7

moves upwards when tongue sticks out

Question 8

acromegaly is ex GH - where is GH produced?

Answer 8

pituitary gland

Question 9

oral characteristic of Addisons disease?

Answer 9

pigmentation in buccal mucosa/FOM

Question 10

what is Addisons disease?

Answer 10

autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex - hypoadrenalism + low cortisol

Question 11

MOA of oral pigmentation associated with Addisons?

Answer 11

less cortisol –> more ACTH –> stimulated melanocytes

Question 12

what is cushings syndrome?

Answer 12

hypercortisolism

Question 13

why must you never take NSAIDs and steroid together?

Answer 13

gastric ulceration

Question 14

what causes ITP?

Answer 14

idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

low platelet count

Question 15

what virus causes herpetic whitlow?

Answer 15

herpes simplex virus

Question 16

what is contusion?

Answer 16

bruised brain - brain hits off skull

Question 17

what is diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 17

rotation of brain causing stretching + snapping of axons

Question 18

what does ACVPU stand for?

Answer 18

a = alert
c = new onset confusion
v = respond to voice
p = respond to pain
u = unresponsive

Question 19

what is the scale of GCS?

Answer 19

3-15

3 = totally comatose

Question 20

what is anaerobic threshold?

Answer 20

point at which co2 production excessed o2 consumption

painful to exercise

Question 21

how to measure functional capacity?

Answer 21

MET - metabolic equivalent test

> 4 good for surgery

Question 22

what is used to measure risk of GA?

Answer 22

ASA grading

3-5 very worrying

Question 23

what is U&E used to test?

Answer 23

renal function

Question 24

what must you never take with miconazole?

Answer 24

nystatin

Question 25

what is LA without adrenaline called?

Answer 25

mepivacaine

Question 26

what is a pharmaceutical drug interaction?

Answer 26

incompatibility of mixing 2 chemically incompatible substances together

Question 27

what is a pharmokinetic drug integration?

Answer 27

x alters y by altering conc

Question 28

what is a phrarmodynamic drug interaction?

Answer 28

x alter y without altering concs

Question 29

4 ways pathways pharmokinetic interactions alter

Answer 29

absorption distribution metabolism excretion

Question 30

why must you take tetracycline on an empty stomach?

Answer 30

milk/antacids stop it from being absorbed

Question 31

what sort of drugs are most likely to get an interaction affecting distribution? an example

Answer 31

highly plasma protein bound >90% aspirin + warfarin - affect of warfarin increased

Question 32

what is an example of a drug metabolising enzyme (isosomes) in liver?

Answer 32

cytochrome p450 family

Question 33

how does metabolism effect drug action?

Answer 33

faster metabolism = less effect

Question 34

how do azoles effect warfarin?

Answer 34

compete for cytochrome metabolism decreased clearance of warfarin prolonged warfarin effects

Question 35

where does metabolism normally happen?

Answer 35

liver or kidneys

Question 36

where does excretion of drugs happen?

Answer 36

kidneys

Question 37

how do NSAIDs effect methotrexate?

Answer 37

decreased (tubular) secretion

Question 38

2 types of pharmacodynamic interactions?

Answer 38

antagonism + synergism

Question 39

risk of taking NSAIDs + corticosteroids together?

Answer 39

risk of peptic ulceration prescribe with PPI

Question 40

what I shock?

Answer 40

life threatening failure of adequate o2 to tissues * perfusion * inadequate o2 * increased o2 demand

Question 41

4 types of shock?

Answer 41

1. hypovolaemic 2. obstructive 3. distributive 4. cardiogenic

Question 42

how to assess burn?

Answer 42

percentage of body covered + depth

Question 43

what is colicky pain?

Answer 43

abdomen pain caused by obstruction of hollow viscus

Question 44

anatomical shape of thyroid?

Answer 44

bow like - 2 lateral lobes joined at isthmus

Question 45

which tracheal rings is the thyroid attached to?

Answer 45

2nd, 3rd, 4th

Question 46

arterial supply of thyroid?

Answer 46

superior thyroid - branch of external carotid | inferior thyroid - thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery

Question 47

venous drainage of thyroid?

Answer 47

superior + middle - drain to inf vena cava | inferior thyroid vein - drain to brachiocephalic veins

Question 48

basic job of thyroid?

Answer 48

control metabolism

Question 49

which is most potent, T3 or T4?

Answer 49

T3

Question 50

3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland?

Answer 50

T3 = tri-iodothyronine T4 = thyroxine calcitonin

Question 51

job of calcitonin?

Answer 51

lowers serum ca: decrease Ca absorption from intestine decrease osteoclastic activity decrease reabsorption of Ca by kidney

Question 52

define hypothyroidism

Answer 52

decreased T3 + T4, increased TSH | decreased metabolism

Question 53

treatment of hypothyroidism?

Answer 53

thyroxine

Question 54

define hyperthyroidism

Answer 54

increased T3 + T4, decreased TSH | increased metabolism

Question 55

would a thyroid tumour cause hypo or hyper thyroids?

Answer 55

hyper

Question 56

treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 56

antithyroid drug = carbimazole radioiodine 131 surgery

Question 57

what is a toxic goitre?

Answer 57

goitre that changes thyroid function