Misc facts Flashcards

Question

Disc herniation nomenclature

Answer 1

Central Subarticular Foraminal Extra foraminal Anterior

Answer 2

Trisomy 13 is associated with polydactyly, trisomy 21 with clinodactyly, triploidy with syndactyly, and trisomy 18 with a clenched hand with overlapping fingers. Additional hallmark anomalies of trisomy 13 are holoprosencephaly and cleft lip/palate.

Answer 3

Parinaud syndrome is characterised by a classic triad of findings: upward gaze palsy, often manifesting as diplopia pupillary light-near dissociation (pupils respond to near stimuli, but not light) convergence-retraction nystagmus

Answer 4

most common pediatric primary hepatic malignancy, peaking in incidence between 1-2 years of age with very rare cases occurring in the teenage population. While the tumor commonly occurs in isolation, predisposing syndromes include Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, hemihypertrophy, and Gardner syndrome among others. Hepatomegaly and/or palpable abdominal mass are the most common clinical presentations. Alpha-fetoprotein is elevated in the majority of cases. The purposes of imaging are to suggest the diagnosis, evaluate for local or distant tumor spread, and provide preoperative planning details, including segmental extent. Calcifications may be seen in 50% of cases.

Answer 5

Hemangioendothelioma A single, large congenital hepatic mass with hypervascular periphery is characteristic of a focal infantile hepatic hemangioma, sometimes referred to as a hemangioendothelioma. Infantile hepatic hemangiomas may be single and large (often referred to as hemangioendotheliomas), multifocal, or diffuse. Depending on size and number, these lesions may be asymptomatic or result in varying degrees of heart failure (due to shunting), liver failure, hypothyroidism, or compartment syndrome. These lesions ultimately regress, similar to cutaneous infantile hemangiomas. However, symptoms may necessitate various therapies, including steroids, embolization, or transplantation. Despite a similar pattern of delayed centripetal enhancement, these lesions are distinct from adult cavernous “hemangiomas” of the liver. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is not typically seen in these masses but is usually secondary to the rarer and distinct Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Mesenchymal hamartoma This congenital hepatic mass classically has large cystic components but may have variable degrees of enhancing stroma. Hepatoblastoma Hepatoblastoma is usually a solitary, well-defined, heterogeneous mass that may be multilobulated. It typically enhances less than normal liver. There are isolated reports of hepatoblastoma with peripheral enhancement and central, delayed filling. The incidence peaks at 1-2 years of age, and alpha-fetoprotein is usually elevated. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HCC is the most common primary pediatric hepatic malignancy beyond 5 years of age. The lesions may be hypervascular and associated with underlying liver parenchymal disease (unlike hepatoblastoma). Vascular invasion is common, and alpha-fetoprotein levels are usually elevated.

Answer 6

Rounded atelectasis occurs as a consequence of infolding of normal lung secondary to thickening of the adjacent pleura. Key features of rounded atelectasis include opacity (usually round or ovoid in shape) adjacent to pleural thickening with conspicuous volume loss. The comet tail sign describes the swirling of adjacent bronchovascular structures into the area of rounded atelectasis. While rounded atelectasis is commonly described as a sequel of asbestos-related pleural disease, any cause of chronic pleural effusion or thickening, such as after cardiac or thoracic surgery, empyema, hemothorax, or pleurodesis, can lead to the development of rounded atelectasis.

Answer 7

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an acquired skin disease. The vast majority of patients had prior exposure to gadolinium in the setting of advanced chronic renal disease or acute kidney injury. At approved doses of gadolinium agents (most commonly 0.1 mmol/kg except for some liver specific and intravascular agents), NSF is of far greater concern than nephrotoxicity in renal failure patients. Although hemodialysis performed immediately after the gadolinium-enhanced MR image seems to reduce the chance of NSF, it does not always prevent it.

Answer 8

==endocrine/metabolic== SIADH causing hyponatraemia: small-cell subtype ACTH secretion (Cushing syndrome): carcinoid and small-cell subtypes carcinoid syndrome gynaecomastia adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease): from bilateral metastases hyperparathyroidism: NSCLC can produce parathyroid hormone (extremely rare) hypocalcaemia: occurs in the setting of skeletal metastases; especially associated with NSCLC PTH-related peptide (PTHrp) causing hypercalcaemia: squamous cell carcinoma ==neurological== polyneuropathy myelopathy limbic encephalitis: particularly associated with SCLC 9 cerebellar degeneration Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome ==other == finger clubbing hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA): squamous cell carcinoma subtype nephrotic syndrome polymyositis dermatomyositis eosinophilia acanthosis nigricans thrombophlebitis: adenocarcinoma subtype Markers Several antibodies or markers from tissue samples may be useful in the diagnosis and prognostication of disease. These include programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeted monoclonal antibodies thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1): expressed in most lung cancer except squamous cell cancer Genetics ROS1 mutation: 1-2% of NSCLC 15; more common in females 14 ALK mutation: 2-5% of NSCLC; more common in males, younger, light/never smokers, and more likely to be adenocarcinoma presenting with advanced disease 16 (see: main article)

Answer 9

Mesothelioma is an uncommon entity and accounts for 5-28% of all malignancies that involve the pleura. There is a strong association with exposure to asbestos fibres (~10% risk during lifetime; 40-80% of patients have a history of asbestos exposure) with risk associated with duration and breadth of exposure. Not all types of asbestos are strongly implicated, with crocidolite being the main causative fibre type. Not surprisingly, given the sources of asbestos exposure being predominantly mining, construction, lagging and machinery mechanics, 60-80% of cases are encountered in males, in general, 20 to 35 years after exposure. Some areas of the world have very regional hotspots (e.g. Belfast, Northern Ireland) due to the historic shipbuilding industry. There is also increased risk for those with household exposure (e.g. family of exposed workers). There has been no convincing evidence for an association with smoking.

Answer 10

Caplan syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is a rare variant of silicosis, coal worker pneumoconiosis, and other pneumoconiosis that is seen in patients with rheumatoid disease and lung involvement. It is characterized by large necrobiotic nodules superimposed on a background of multiple pulmonary nodules

Answer 11

It is unclear whether Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a distinct entity or whether it is simply tracheobronchomegaly in the setting of some underlying primary abnormalities. If the latter definition is used, associations include connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome cutis laxa

Answer 12

Pyriform aperture stenosis refers to narrowing of the pyriform aperture and results from early fusion and hypertrophy of the medial nasal processes. ASSOCIATIONS alobar and semilobar forms of holoprosencephaly facial haemangiomas clinodactyly pituitary dysfunction central megaincisor (in 75% of cases)

Answer 13

cystic fibrosis immunodeficiency syndromes congenital heart disease bronchopulmonary dysplasia pulmonary infection primary ciliary dyskinesia recurrent aspiration

Answer 14

The majority of cases (65%) are associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection Treatment usually includes reduction of the immunosuppressive medication, in addition to rituximab, chemotherapy, and occasionally antiviral medication.

Answer 15

M - Metastasis A - Abscess G - Glioblastoma multiforme I - Infarct (subacute phase) C - Contusion D - Demyelinating disease (eg. tumefactive MS) R - Radiation necrosis

Answer 16

upper renal moiety ureter has ectopic insertion medial and inferior to the lower renal moiety ureter, and frequently ends in a ureterocele lower renal moiety ureter has orthotopic insertion lateral and superior to the upper renal moiety ureter, and vesicoureteral reflux can occur

Answer 17

==================== Organo-axial volvulus ==================== more common of the two types in adults (2/3 of cases) commonly occurs in the setting of trauma or para-oesophageal hernia stomach is rotated along its long axis (along the cardiopyloric line, which is drawn between the cardia and the pylorus) mirror image of normal anatomy can occur with reversal of the greater and lesser curves:antrum rotates anterosuperiorly, fundus rotates posteroinferiorly complete (>180º) present with obstruction or ischaemia incomplete rotation (<180º) also called organo-axial position of the stomach, usually asymptomatic ==================== Mesentero-axial volvulus ==================== less common in adults, but is more common than organo-axial volvulus in the paediatric population (59% of gastric volvulus) rotation around short axis from the lesser to greater curvature (i.e. perpendicular to the cardiopyloric line) usually incomplete, <180° displacement of antrum above gastro-oesophageal junction; stomach appears upside-down with the antrum and pylorus superior to the fundus and proximal body coincides with the axis of mesenteric attachment and is associated with severe obstruction and strangulation less associated with diaphragmatic defect plain films may show an intrathoracic stomach with two air fluid levels 1

Answer 18

Also known as vermian aplasia or molar tooth midbrain-hindbrain malformation, is an autosomal recessive disorder where there is a variable degree of cerebellar vermal agenesis. ocular abnormalities coloboma retinal dysplasia: 50% (some authors advocate dividing Joubert syndrome patients into two groups according to the presence or absence of retinal dysplasia 5) nephronophthisis multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK): 30% hepatic fibrosis: usually as part of COACH syndrome polydactyly: 15% occipital (meningo) encephalocele

Answer 19

Also known as de Morsier syndrome, is a condition characterised by optic nerve hypoplasia and absence of the septum pellucidum Two-thirds of patients have hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. It is best thought of as being part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum Risk factors ========== maternal diabetes medications: quinidine ingestion, antiseizure medications drug and alcohol abuse cytomegalovirus infection Associations ========== rhombencephalosynapsis Chiari II malformation aqueductal stenosis ==Clinical== Clinical presentation mostly dependent on whether or not it is associated with schizencephaly (~50% of cases). -not associated with schizencephaly- visual apparatus more severely affected hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction present in 60-80% of patients may present as hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period small pituitary gland with hypoplastic or absent infundibulum and ectopic posterior pituitary olfactory bulbs may be absent (arhinencephaly) -associated with schizencephaly- optic apparatus less severely affected cortical anomalies: polymicrogyria, cortical dysplasia may be aetiologically different sometimes referred to as septo-optic dysplasia plus

Answer 20

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) Autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterised by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischaemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known vascular risk factors. Mutation on chromosome 19p13.12 involving the NOTCH3 gene ===== Although the subcortical white matter can be diffusely involved, in the initial course of the disease involvement of the anterior temporal lobe (86%) and external capsule (93%) are classical. There is relative sparing of the occipital and orbitofrontal subcortical white matter, subcortical U-fibres and cortex. Cerebral microhaemorrhages have been reported to occur in ~45% (range 25-70%) of cases without a characteristic distribution Eventually, cerebral atrophy ensues, which correlates well with the degree of cognitive decline.

Answer 21

Also known as autoimmune limbic encephalitis, is an antibody-mediated brain inflammatory process, typically involving the limbic system, although all parts of the brain can be involved. As the older term limbic encephalitis implies, the most common location of involvement is the mesial temporal lobes and limbic systems, typically manifested by cortical thickening and increased T2/FLAIR signal intensity of these regions. Bilateral involvement is most common (60%), although often asymmetric. The lateral temporal lobe and insula are less commonly involved, whereas the basal ganglia, in contrast, are frequently involved, helpful in distinguishing it from HSV encephalitis which characteristically spares the basal ganglia In addition to the aforementioned T2/FLAIR changes, patchy areas of enhancement can be seen post-gadolinium. True diffusion restriction (i.e. low ADC values) and haemorrhage are not common and suggest alternative diagnoses. The presence of haemorrhage on SWI, for example, favours other diagnoses such herpes simplex encephalitis.

Answer 22

H3 K27M-mutant

Answer 23

Glial tumors that are IDH-mutant and present the 1p/19q codeletion

Answer 24

Also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), is the most commonly inherited neuropathy of lower motor (to a lesser degree sensory) neurones. Signs and symptoms usually become first evident in childhood. Typically, this starts in the lower limbs with weakness, atrophy and deformity, and later affects the upper limbs. It rarely involves the more proximal musculature or the cranial nerves. Sensory changes are present but usually to a lesser degree 5. Foot deformities are cavovarus (high-arch) and claw toe deformities. Patients can present with scoliosis. Classification is based on nerve-conduction studies and neuronal pathology divided into demyelinating and non-demyelinating forms The nerve roots are typically hypertrophic with the onion bulb sign. This represents hypertrophic demyelination. Denervation changes in muscles are apparent. example: Severe atrophy of all intrinsic (short) foot muscles, which have been replaced by fat tissue. Pes cavus and hammer toe deformities with twisting of the ankle. Arthropathy with bone oedema around the third tarsometatarsal joint. Normal postoperative scarring and susceptibility artifacts after Achilles tendon lengthening and transposition of the peroneus longus to the brevis tendon and the tibialis posterior tendon to the lateral os cuneiforme.

Answer 25

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems. Classically, PML occurred in patients with AIDS, typically developing in patients with CD4 counts of 50-100 cells/μL. The incidence of PML in the non-HIV setting is thought to be increasing: post-transplant: bone marrow or solid organ transplants leukaemia solid organ malignancies inflammatory diseases (e.g. SLE, sarcoidosis) isolated CD4 lymphocytopaenia immunosuppressive monoclonal antibody therapy, such as natalizumab (an IgG monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis), efalizumab, and rituximab

Answer 26

Dissemination in space Dissemination in space requires ≥1 T2-hyperintense lesions (≥3 mm in long axis), symptomatic and/or asymptomatic, that are characteristic of multiple sclerosis in two or more of the four following locations: periventricular (≥1 lesion, unless the patient is over the age of 50 in which case it is advised to seek a higher number of lesions) cortical or juxtacortical (≥1 lesion) infratentorial (≥1 lesion) spinal cord (≥1 lesion) Notably, T2-hyperintense lesions of the optic nerve, such as those in a patient presenting with optic neuritis, cannot be used in fulfilling the 2017 revised McDonald criteria 5. ============================================== Dissemination in time a new T2-hyperintense or gadolinium-enhancing lesion when compared to a previous baseline MRI scan (irrespective of timing) simultaneous presence of a gadolinium-enhancing lesion and a non-enhancing T2-hyperintense lesion on any one MRI scan

Answer 27

Pituitary region masses S: sarcoid A: aneurysm T: teratoma or tuberculosis (and other granulomatous diseases) C: craniopharyngioma, cleft cyst (Rathke), chordoma H: hypothalamic glioma, hamartoma of tuber cinereum, histiocytosis M: meningioma, metastasis O: optic nerve glioma Some prefer adding an E at the end and moving 'histiocytosis' to this last letter as: E: eosinophilic granuloma or epidermoid/dermoid/teratoma

Answer 28

Primary osteodystrophy of the otic capsule (bony labyrinth of the inner ear). It is one of the leading causes of deafness in adults. Typically, patients present during their 4th and 5th decades. Otosclerosis most commonly presents with hearing loss, most often conductive, but can also be sensorineural or mixed, and is frequently bilateral ============ There are two subtypes: fenestral (stapedial): ~80% involves the oval window and the stapes footplate just anterior to the oval window, involving a small cleft known as the fissula ante fenestram hearing loss is often conductive, due to stapes thickening and fixation retrofenestral (cochlear): ~20% cochlear involvement with demineralisation of the cochlear capsule hearing loss is often sensorineural, but the mechanism by which this occurs is uncertain

Answer 29

Turcot syndrome is characterised by: intestinal polyposis CNS tumours: most commonly glioblastoma or medulloblastoma

Answer 30

* Transverse myelitis: Typically involves the central cord a ecting more than two-thirds of cross-sectional area of the cord. The lesion spans more than two vertebral body levels and causes smooth spinal cord expansion. Enhancement characteristics are variable, ranging from no enhancement to solitary and multifocal disease. It is more commonly seen when cord expansion is present and in the subacute stage. * Multiple sclerosis: Primary demyelinating disease of central nervous system with multiple lesions disseminated over time and space. Ninety percent of the time, concomitant intracranial lesions are seen. When isolated spinal cord disease is present, the cervical spine is most frequently a ected. In contrary to transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis predominantly involves the peripheral dorsolateral aspect of the cord, spanning less than two vertebral body levels and less than half of the cross-sectional area of the cord. Lesions typically are oval with peripheral distribution. * Spinal cord infarction: Cord infarction secondary to vessel occlusion typically involves the anterior radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz) and, therefore, the anterior two- thirds of the distal half of the thoracic cord. This presents as hyperintense central gray matter within the cord on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), giving an “owl’s eye” appearance and slight cord expansion in acute phase. Its onset is abrupt, with weakness more pronounced than loss of sensation and rapid progression to maximum de cit within hours.

Answer 31

Perilunate dislocation is a dislocation of the carpus relative to the lunate which remains in normal alignment with the distal radius. "Peri-" is a prefix meaning “about” or “around”, so a good way to remember it is as a dislocation around the lunate. These dislocations can have a fracture component in which the prefix "trans-" along with the fractured bone is used, for example a trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation (around 60% of perilunate dislocations have an associated scaphoid fracture) Lunate dislocation is a dislocation of the lunate (alone). The lunate will tip forward and have the appearance of a tipped teacup. A midcarpal dislocation is a dislocation where neither the capitate or the lunate is aligned with the distal radius.

Answer 32

Crouzons Aperts Treacher Collins ==== Crouzons: abnormal calvarial shape: in severe case can give a "cloverleaf skull" shallow orbits with exophthalmos mid facial hypoplasia bifid uvula Associations Chiari I malformations 3: may be present in ~70% of cases ===== Apert syndrome was originally described as a triad of: craniosynostosis: brachycephaly syndactyly maxillary hypoplasia ===== Treacher Collins: dental and mandibular retrognathia micrognathia macrostomia hypoplasia or aplasia of the condylar and coronoid processes of the mandible marked bowing of the lower border of the mandible concave curvature of the horizontal ramus of the mandible is pathognomonic may be associated with cleft palate and absence of parotid glands zygomatic arch: malformed, underdeveloped or absent otic microtia and aplasia of the external auditory meatus hypoplasia of the middle ear cavity hypoplasia or aplasia of the middle ear ossicles nasal obliteration of the nasofrontal angle with narrow nares hypoplasia of the alar cartilages hypoplastic paranasal sinuses choanal atresia ocular downward slanting palpebral fissures, due to lack of support from zygoma absent eyelids of the lower inner third of the eye notched iris notched choroid and colobomas

Answer 33

Gastric adenocarcinoma Metastases from breast (lobular ca) and lung Lymphoma

Answer 34

More than 10% at 4 hours = delayed gastric emptying Less than 30% at 1 hour = rapid emptying

Answer 35

compression of supracapsular nerve: Supracapsular notch = supra + infra spinatus atrophy Spinoglenoid notch = infraspinatus atrophy Quadrilateral space = compression of axillary nerve = teres minor atrophy Margins: teres minor superiorly teres major inferiorly triceps brachii long head medially medial wall of humerus laterally

Answer 36

AIG Company ABC Infection Giant cell Chondroblastoma Clear Cell chondrosarcoma == epiphyseal equivalents = patella, carpals, calcaneus, apophyses (greater lesser troc)

Answer 37

MELT Metastasis Eosinophilic granuloma (LCH) Lymphoma TB

Answer 38

Osteoblastoma ABC Met

Answer 39

Resorption of radial aspect of the 2nd and 3rd fingers Terminal tuft erosions Rugger Jersey spine Brown tumours Superior and inferior rib notching Wide SI joints Pelvis with narrowing of the femoral necks

Answer 40

Haemochromatosis - all fingers CPPD - fingers 2-3

Answer 41

SLE - reducible deformity of joints without articular erosions Jaccouds arthropathy - history is post rheumatic feverm

Answer 42

rare CNS disorder usually seen in the context of alcoholism and malnutrition. The condition classically involves necrosis and demyelination of the corpus callosum.

Answer 43

PRES - spares occipital lobes and involves basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebellum Lueckocenphalopathy - t2 bright periventricular changes can progress to brain attophy

Answer 44

Herion inhalational leukoencephalotpahy T2 flair high symmetric centrum semiovale, post limb internal capsule and deep cerebellar white matter sparing the dentate

Answer 45

vasculopathy: stroke and moya moya type look basal ganglia and subcortical calcification capillary telangectasias / cavernous malformations Brain tumors: primary CNS lymphoma (most important risk factor is XRT), meningioma (~15yrs post), more aggressive gliomas sarcoma <10yrs

Answer 46

PDOG PXA - 10-20yo, enhances, dural tail, cyst within nodule, temporal lobe DNET - <20yo, no enhancement, bubbly, high t1 with bright FLAIR rim, temporal lobe Oligodendroglioma - 40s-50s, can enhance, calcification common, expands the cortex, frontal lobe, 1p-19q co deletion Ganglioglioma - any age, can enhance, not bubbly, can look like anything, mixed solid cystic, temporal lobe - classically 13yo with seizures, temporal lobe mass cystic and solid with focal calcifications with overlying bone remodelling

Answer 47

Central neurocytoma: Swiss cheese type appearance because of T2 cystic spaces. Calcification. Adult 20s-40s Subependymoma: adults. well circumscribed. found at foramen of munro and 4th ventricle. T2 bright. dont usually enhance

Answer 48

Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma tiger stripe mass within cerebellar hemisphere, occasionally crosses the vermis. it is a hamartoma associated with Cowden - associated with breast cancer

Answer 49

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma perineural spread common, especially with adenoid cystic carcinoma. muco can too. melanoma is another one to know for perinueral spread

Answer 50

Lymphoma x1000 risk with Sjogrens NHL MALT type Benign lymphoepithelial disease with HIV - mixed solid and cyst lesion in diffusely enlarged parotid - painless

Answer 51

C: cancer most frequently squamous cell lung cancer cavitary pulmonary metastasis(es): most frequently SCC A: autoimmune; granulomas from granulomatosis with polyangiitis rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid nodules) V: vascular both bland and septic pulmonary emboli I: infection (bacterial/fungal) pulmonary abscess pulmonary tuberculosis T: trauma - pneumatoceles Y: youth CPAM (congenital pulmonary airway malformation) pulmonary sequestration bronchogenic cyst

Answer 52

Sonographic abnormalities associated with trisomy 21 include an increased first trimester nuchal translucency (>3 mm) or second trimes- ter nuchal fold (>6 mm), ventriculomegaly, brachycephaly, flat facies, endocardial cushion defects, echogenic cardiac focus, hyperechoic bowel, duodenal atresia, pyelectasis, clinodactyly, hypoplasia of the fifth digit, short femur, and short humerus. The hallmark sonographic finding in trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) is choroid plexus cysts. Other abnormalities cardiac defects, clubfeet, clenched fists with overlapping digits, facial defects, neural tube defects, radial ray abnormalities, and a two-vessel cord. As with other chromosomal abnormalities, a thickened nuchal translucency can be seen during first trimester imaging. Ultrasound findings in trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) include holoprosencephaly, neural tube defects, cardiac anomalies, polydactyly, and enlarged hyperechoic kidneys. Turner syndrome is characterized by lymphatic malformations, to include a cervical cystic hygroma, aortic coarctation, cardiac defects, and renal abnormalities. Turners: cystic hygroma: may appear septated; one of the most typical features of Turner syndrome increased nuchal thickness increased nuchal translucency coarctation of the aorta: 15-20% bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) omphalocele horseshoe kidney / pelvic kidney mild IUGR features related to complicating hydrops fetalis short fetal limbs

Answer 53

Peripheral to central in the body, for example phalanges inward The secondary ossification centers change from cartilaginous to ossified bone, then convert from red to yellow marrow within 6 months of secondary ossification center visibility on radiographs This is similar in the apophyses Marrow conversion progresses from central in the diaphysis to the distal metaphyses and subsequently to the proximal metaphyses. The proximal femoral and proximal humeral metaphyses can have residual red marrow normally into adulthood == The appendicular portion of the skeleton converts more quickly to yellow marrow compared to the axial skeleton.

Answer 54

Sarcoid Pneumoconioses Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis Ankylosing spondylitis Post primary TB

Answer 55

o Upper: Ankylosing spondylitis, Sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis, TB, Cystic Fibrosis, HSP, LCH o Lower: UIP (many causes including IPF, scleroderma, RA), NSIP (polymyositis, scleroderma), Drugs (methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone), Asbestosis, LAM/LIP,

Misc facts Flashcards

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