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Misc GNR Flashcards

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0
Q

Haemophilus gram reaction

A

Gram-negative, pleomorphic coccobacilli

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1
Q

Haemophilus family

A

Pasteurellaceae

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2
Q

Haemophilus normal flora

A

Mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract

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3
Q

General characteristics of Haemophilus

A

Oxidase and catalase positive
Reduce nitrates to nitrites
Ferment carbohydrates

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4
Q

Factor X

1) Other name
2) Heat stability
3) Porphyrin test results

A

1) Hemin
2) Heat stable
3) Negative

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5
Q

Factor V

1) Other name
2) Heat stability
3) Agars

A

1) NAD
2) Heat labile
3) BAP; Horse and rabbit blood; chocolate

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6
Q

Common sources for Haemophilus cultures

A

Blood, CSF, Ear, Joint fluids, upper and lower respiratory tract, swabs from eyes, vaginal swabs, abscess drainage

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7
Q

Main media to isolate Haemophilus

A

Chocolate (contains X and V)

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8
Q

Other media to isolate Haemophilus

A

Levinthal, Flide, Casman’s

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9
Q

Organism to help isolate Haemophilus

A

Staph streak (releases factor V)

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10
Q

What agars will Haemophilus not grow on?

A

MAC, BAP

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11
Q

Gram morphology of encapsulated strains of Haemophilus

A

Halo around organism

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12
Q

Colony morphology of Haemophilus

A

Flat, grey, round, mousy odor

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13
Q

Why must you be aware of the incubation conditions for Haemophilus?

A

They are facultative anaerobes so when they are grown anaerobically they do not need to have hemin

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14
Q

How does the staph streak work?

A

Staph hemolysin releases Factor X and the staph also provides factor V

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15
Q

Porphyrin test (ALA)

1) Reagents
2) Use
3) Results

A

1) Delta-aminolevulinic acid test
2) Check which organisms make their own X factor
3) ALA (+) will make their own X factor

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16
Q 
X (-)
V (-)
XV (+)
Beta (-)
ALA (-)
A

H. influenza

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17
Q 
X (+)
V (-)
XV (+)
Beta (-) 
ALA (-)
A

H. ducreyi

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18
Q

Haemophilus influenzae used to be known as..

A

“Pfeiffer’s bacillus”

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19
Q

Haemophilus influenzae normal flora

A

Upper respiratory tract

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20
Q

Haemophilus influenzae virulence factors

A

Capsule
IgA proteases
Outer membrane proteins and LOS
Adherence

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21
Q

Adherence indicates….

A

Localized infection

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22
Q

What causes nonadherence giving way to a systemic infection?

A

Capsule

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23
Q

Haemophilus influenzae lipoligosaccharide

A

paralyzes ciliated respiratory cells so they cannot excrete the organism

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24
What type of serotype of Haemophilus influenzae causes larger and more mucoid colonies?
Serotype B
25
Haemophilus influenzae Serotype B 1) Virulence 2) Resistant to... 3) Methods of detection
1) Antiphagocytic (no adherence) 2) Penicillin 3) Side agglutination; Quelling reaction; Protein A coagglutination; PCR; ELISA
26
Haemophilus influenzae biotype I cultures
Blood, CSF, upper respiratory
27
Haemophilus influenzae biotype II cultures
Eye, sputum, genital infections
28
Haemophilus influenzae biotype III cultures
Koch-Weeks bacillus (H. aegyptius), acute conjunctivitis, sputum
29
Haemophilus influenzae biotype I 1) Urease 2) Indole 3) ODC
1) + 2) + 3) +
30
Haemophilus influenzae biotype II 1) Urease 2) Indole 3) ODC
1) + 2) + 3) -
31
Haemophilus influenzae biotype III 1) Urease 2) Indole 3) ODC
1) + 2) - 3) -
32
Haemophilus influenzae clinical significance encapsulated strains
``` Meningitis Epiglottitis Arthritis Cellulitis Acute pharyngitis Pneumonia ```
33
Haemophilus influenzae clinical significance of nonencapsulated strains
``` Otitis media Bronchitis Sinusitis Pneumonia in elderly patients Genital tract ```
34
Haemophilus aegyptius diseases
Conjunctivitis | Brazillian purpuric fever
35
Patient presents with a severe fever, petechia rash, shock, and vascular crash...what is this indicative of?
Brazilian purpuric fever caused by Haemophilus aegyptius
36
What is Haemophilus influenzae biotype III known as?
Haemophilus aegyptius
37
Haemophilus ducreyi main disease
Chancroid (highly communicable STD) Mimics syphilis except that ulcers are very painful Lymph node enlargement in inguinal area called buboes
38
What organism has a "school of fish" gram stain?
Haemophilus ducreyi
39
What is Haemophilus aphrophilus now known as?
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
40
Which organism causes endocarditis and septicemia?
Haemophilus aphrophilus
41
What is very unique about Haemophilus aphrophilus?
Will grow on BAP and is non hemolytic
42
Haemophilus aphrophilus normal flora
Oral cavity
43
Which organism is known as a HACEK organism?
Haemophilus aphrophilus
44
Haemophilus aphrophilus porphyrin test result
positive
45
Haemophilus heamolyticus 1) Normal flora 2) Requires 3) Colony morphology on BAP
1) Upper respiratory tract 2) X and V 3) Wide zone of hemolysis
46
Haemophilus parahemolyticus 1) Normal flora 2) Requires 3) Colony morphology on BAP
1) Upper respiratory tract 2) Factor V 3) Hemolytic on BAP
47
Haemophilus parainfluenza 1) Normal flora 2) Requires 3) Hemolysis on BAP
1) Upper respiratory tract 2) Factor V 3) Nonhemolytic
48
What type of testing must be done for all Haemophilus isolates?
Beta lactamase
49
Beta-lactamase 1) Reagent 2) Method
1) Cefinase disc | 2) Acidometric
50
Neisseria normal flora
Nasopharynx, pharynx, mucous membranes of the respiratory and urogenital tract
51
Neisseria gram reaction
Diplococci, "kidney bean"
52
Neisseria general characteristics
Oxidase positive Catalase positive Nitrate negative Aerobic with increased CO2
53
Neisseria gonorrhoeae disease
STD; gonorrhea (acute pyogenic infection mainly of the mucous membranes of the endocervix in females and the urethra in males
54
Neisseria gonorrhoeae disease in males
Acute urethritis | Asymptomatic gonococcal infections
55
Neisseria gonorrhoeae disease in females
Pelvic inflammatory disease | Asymptomatic gonococcal infection
56
Neisseria gonorrhea infections
Disseminated gonococcal infections Opthalmia neonatorum Pharyngitis and rectal gonorrhea
57
Neisseria gonorrhea virulence factors
Capsule Pili Cell-wall proteins Lipopolysaccharide
58
Neisseria gonorrhea capsule
Prevents phagocytosis of organism
59
Neisseria gonorrhea 1) T1 and T2 2) T3, T4, T5
1) Possess pili and are virulent, colonies are small and raised 2) No pili and are avirulent, colonies are large and flatter
60
Neisseria gonorrhea pili
Inhibit phagocytosis
61
Neisseria gonorrhea cell-wall proteins purpose
Prevent phagocytosis
62
Neisseria gonorrhea protein I
* Allows for the organism to insert into host cell | * ELISA, coagglutination and gonococcal serotyping
63
Neisseria gonorrhea protein II
Associated with virulence which allows attachment to neutrophils, epithelial cells and resist effects of antibiotics
64
Neisseria gonorrhea protein III
Major binding site for IgG-blocking antibody
65
Neisseria gonorrhea lipopolysaccharide
Prevent phagocytosis | Endotoxin (mediates damage to body tissues)
66
Neisseria gonorrhea choice for genital cultures 1) Females 2) Males
1) Endocervix | 2) Urethra
67
What are non-culture ways to identify Neisseria gonorrhea?
Urine for PCR/LCR
68
Why is Neisseria gonorrhea important to immediately culture to media or transport agar?
Gonococcus is susceptible to drying and chilling
69
Neisseria gonorrhea gram stain
Gram negative intracellular diplococci
70
A gram stain of a urethral exudate showing gram negative intracellular diplococci can be a presumptive ID of what organism?
Neisseria gonorrhea
71
Can Neisseria gonorrhea be ID'd from a gram stain in female specimens?
No due to the fact that diplococci is normal flora for a female
72
What is indicated by a gram stain with more than 5 PMNs per field but no bacteria?
Nongonococcal urethritis
73
What is the normal flora in females that look like gram negative diplococci?
Actinobacter and Moraxella
74
Neisseria gonorrhea colony characteristics
Small, gray, translucent, and raised
75
How can Neisseria gonorrhea be presumptively ID'd?
Pili typing, AHU, Oxidase positive, catalase positive
76
Neisseria gonorrhea definitive ID
Carbohydrate utilization (glucose positive); FA; ELISA; Genital probe; LCR
77
Neisseria gonorrhea auxotypes | 1) Stands for...
Arginine, hypoxanthine; uracil
78
Neisseria meningitidis disease
Bacterial meningitis and septicemia
79
Neisseria meningitidis normal flora
Upper respiratory tract
80
Neisseria meningitidis group A
Worldwide epidemics
81
Neisseria meningitidis group B & C
Most common in US
82
Neisseria meningitidis group B
Community-acquired disease usually sporadic outbreaks
83
Neisseria meningitidis virulence factors
``` Pili Polysaccharide capsule (resist phagocytosis) Endotoxin production IgA protease (enzyme that aids invasiveness) ```
84
Neisseria meningitidis primary source
Oral secretions, respiratory droplets from asymptomatic carriers
85
Neisseria meningitidis risk groups
College dorms, military barracks
86
Neisseria meningitidis diseases
Meningococcemia (enters bloodstream) | Meningitis (spreads to meninges, CNS)
87
Patient presents with severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, delirium, and rigid spine?
Neisseria meningitidis
88
What other diseases are caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Petechial (hemorrhagic skin lesions, release of endotoxin) DIC (uncontrolled clotting within bloodstream) Waterhouse-Frederiksen syndrome (severe, shock, large petechial lesions, internal bleeding, hemorrhage into adrenal glands)
89
Chronic Neisseria meningitidis disease
Symptomatic, fever, rash, arthritis
90
Acute Neisseria meningitidis disease
Slight fever and symptoms of respiratory tract infection, positive blood cultures, patient usually clinically well
91
Direct detection tests for Neisseria meningitidis
Latex agglutination, Coagglutination; Serogrouping; gram stain (CSF and petechial)
92
Neisseria meningitidis carbohydrate fermentation
Glucose and maltose positive
93
Neisseria meningitidis colony morphology
Gray on chocolate, sometimes mucoid, round, smooth, glistening Bluish on BAP
94
Moraxella catarrhalis normal flora
Respiratory tract
95
Moraxella catarrhalis opportunistic pathogen causing...
Pneumoniae
96
Moraxella catarrhalis colony morphology
Smooth, gray to white, develop salmon-pink, "hockey puck"
97
What are Moraxella catarrhalis intrinsically resistant to?
Ampicillin (beta-lactamase)
98
Moraxella catarrhalis DNase
Positive
99
Moraxella catarrhalis diseases
Acute and chronic bronchitis | Sinusitis, meningitis, endocarditis, pneumoniae, otitis media
100
Nonpathogenic Neisseria sp: main reason to be familiar with these?
Accurately separate them from pathogenic species
101
Nonpathogenic Neisseria spp. colony morphology
yellow, dry, crunchy
102
Neisseria cinerea 1) Disease 2) Normal flora 3) Colony pigment 4) Carbohydrate fermentation 5) DNase
1) Bacteremia, conjunctivitis, nosocomial pneumoniae, proctitis 2) Oropharyngeal and genital flora 3) Yellow 4) Glucose (+) 5) (-)
103
Neisseria lactamica 1) Normal flora 2) Carbohydrate 3) ONPG
1) Nasopharynx of infants and children 2) Glucose, maltose, lactose 3) (+)
104
Kingella denitrificans 1) Normal flora 2) Main disease 3) Carbohydrate 4) Catalase
1) Upper respiratory tract 2) Endocarditis (HACEK) 3) Glucose 4) Negative
105
Bordetella epidemiology
* *Acquired through respiratory tract via aerosols * *Replicate on ciliated respiratory epithelial cells * *Toxins and other virulence factors are produced and have system effect
106
What is one of the most highly communicable disease of childhood?
Pertussis
107
Bordetella pertussis virulence factors
``` Adherence Pertussis toxin (PT) Overcome host defenses ```
108
Bordetella pertussis clinical stages
1) Catarrhal stage 2) Paroxysmal phase 3) Convalescent phase
109
Bordetella pertussis catarrhal stage
* Cold or flu-like * Highly communicable * Treatment in this stage
110
Bordetella pertussis paroxysmal phase
*Severe repetitive cough; "whoop"
111
Bordetella pertussis convalescent phase
Begins at 4 weeks, lasts 6 months
112
What are the best specimens to culture for Bordetella pertussis?
NP aspirates or NP swabs
113
Direct detection of Bordetella pertussis
DFA | Nucleic acid detection
114
Culture media for Bordetella pertussis
Bordet-Gengou Modified Jones-Kendrick Regan-Lowe
115
Incubation for Bordetella pertussis
7 days minimum | 35 C
116
Bordetella pertussis gram stain
Minute, faintly staining coccobacilli singly or in pairs
117
Oxidase (+) Urease (-) Motility (-) Nitrate (-)
Bordetella pertussis
118
Bordetella parapertussis direct detection
DFA
119
Bordetella parapertussis incubation
5-7 days
120
Bordetella parapertussis AMS
Erythromycin
121
Oxidase (-) Urea (+) Motility (-) Citrate (+)
Bordetella parapertussis
122
Bordetella bronchiseptica 1) Normal flora 2) Associated with...
1) Mouth of animals, dogs, cats, and rabbits | 2) Animal bites
123
Bordetella bronchiseptica gram reaction
Medium sized straight rod
124
Which Bordetella grows quickly within 1-2 days?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
125
Which Bordetella will show a non lactose fermentation reaction on MAC?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
126
Oxidase (+) Urea (+) Motile Citrate (+)
Bordetella bronchiseptica
127
Which organism will show urea positive in 4 hours?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
128
Legionella clinical disease
Pneumonia (Legionnaire's disease) | Pontiac Fever
129
Legionella incubation
2-10 days
130
Patient presents with a nonproductive cough, fever, headache, myalgia. Later, the patient presents with bloody sputum, rales, dyspnea, chills.
Legionella
131
What is the Legionella organism taken up by during phagocytosis?
Alveolar macrophages
132
Pontiac Fever
Nonpneumonic form; flulike symptoms for 2-5 days; milder form of infection
133
Legionella specimen collection
Sputum, BAL, BW, lung tissue, wound and abscess material, pleural and pericardial fluids, blood, environmental water samples
134
Legionella direct detection
DFA Gram stain (difficult faintly staining) Tissue; silver or Giemsa stain
135
Legionella culture
BYCE
136
Legionella colony morphology
"ground-glass" appearance, developing a blue color
137
How long does it take for Legionella take to grow?
3-4 days
138
Legionella gram morphology
Long thin gram negative rod
139
IFA will show a four fold rise in titer when infected with what organism?
Legionella
140
Legionella ID
Urine antigen test; EIA; IFA
141
Gardnerella vaginalis epidemiology
Normal vaginal flora of humans; may also colonize distal urethra of males
142
Gardnerella vaginalis transmission
Endogenous strains
143
Gardnerella vaginalis 1) Clinical disease 2) Culture 3) Colony appearance 4) ID 5) Direct detection
1) Bacterial vaginosis 2) V agar; human blood 3) Small pinpoint colonies on chocolate with beta hemolysis 4) Appearance on V agar and gram stain 5) Clue cells

Microbiology (3 decks)

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