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Miscellaneous Flashcards

0
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases in the population during a given time period.

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1
Q

Define prevalence

A

The number of total cases (newly and previously diagnosed) in a population during a given period of time.

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2
Q

Imaging modalities overestimate bony involvement with OSA by how much?

  • CT
  • MRI
A

CT 20%

MRI 3%

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3
Q

What neoplastic condition in Budgies (all birds?) is associated with holding the leg up?

A

Renal carcinoma

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4
Q

What is Kasabach-Merritt syndrome?

A

Thrombocytopenia and DIC associated with hemangiosarcoma

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5
Q

What is the influence of survivin in K9 LSA?

A

Increased pre-tx survivin levels were associated with shorter DFI (B cell, stages 3 and 4)
171 days vs 321 days

No significant difference between survivin levels at relapse and initial diagnosis

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6
Q

What is the influence of survivin in K9 TCC?

A

Nuclear survivin is present in TCC but not in normal bladder
Found in 68% of TCC tissues
Found in 50% of cystitis tissue
Cytoplasmic survivin can be detected in normal, TCC, and cystitis tissues

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7
Q

What is c-Myc?

A

Transcription factor

basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper

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8
Q

What is Coley’s toxin?

A

Killed bacteria mixture used as immuno-stimulator

Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens

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9
Q

What is LMTP-PE?

A

liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatylethanolamine

a synthetic derivative of bacterial cell walls - has immunostimulatory effects

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10
Q

How do you tell the difference between thymoma and LSA on flow cytometry?

A

Thymoma >10% CD4+/CD8+

LSA

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11
Q

How does PGP expression affect LSA outcome in cats?

A

It doesn’t. Expression is not predictive of remission or survival.

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12
Q

Which part of kidney is most sensitive to cisplatin?

A

Distal tubule

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13
Q

Is liposomal cisplatin safe in cats?

A

Mostly - safer than free IV drug.
No renal or pulmonary toxicity noted.
Cats showed transient pyrexia, GI upset, and infusion reactions.

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14
Q

Is grade prognostic for K9 pulmonary tumors? What about feline?

A

yes to both

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15
Q

What is the most common hematologic change in dogs with LSA?

A

anemia (mostly normocytic normochromic)

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16
Q

What is the most common hematologic change in cats with HSA?

A

anemia

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17
Q

What is the most common severe AE with Paccal Vet and in what percentage of dogs is it seen?

A

neutropenia (73%)

hypersensitivity and GI upset also reported (about 20% each)

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18
Q

What factors are involved in determining grade of STS?

A

Cellular differentiation, mitotic index, and necrosis

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19
Q

What is MST (in months) for non-resectable K9 thyroid carcinoma without mets? With mets?

A
  1. 9 months without mets

12. 2 months with mets

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20
Q

What is the ORR% and %SD for carbo/piroxicam for TCC (naive dogs, no previous chemo)?

A

13% ORR (all PR)

54% SD

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21
Q

What is the ORR% and %SD for carbo/piroxicam for TCC (rescue setting)?

A

38% ORR (all PR)

45% SD

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22
Q

What is telomerase (structure/activity)? In which cells is it found?

A

ribonucleoprotein
reverse transcriptase
normally absent in somatic cells; present in virtually all cancer cells

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23
Q

How do you tell choroid plexus carcinoma from choroid plexus papilloma on CSF tap? What was cut-off?

A

protein signif higher with carcinomas than papillomas

all samples >80 mg/dl were carcinomas

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24
How do you tell choroid plexus carcinoma from choroid plexus papilloma on MRI?
carcinomas showed intraventricular or subarachnoid drop metastasis
25
What is the recurrence rate for incompletely excised grade II mast cell tumors (no add'l therapy beyond sx and pred)?
23%
26
What is the percentage of fatal hepatotoxicity in dogs receiving CCNU for MCT?
16.7%
27
What is the survival rate for cats with nasal LSA treated with COP? 2 different studies/routes...
Intraperitoneal - DFI 388 days | IV - DFI 249 days
28
What is the typical grade and immunophenotype of feline nasal LSA?
intermed/high grade | B cell
29
What is the response rate of cardiac HSA (presumptive) to doxorubicin?
Single agent 41% ORR, PFS 66 d, MST 116 d
30
What is the survival time of dogs with RA masses and pericardial effusion treated with doxo-based protocols?
MST 140 d
31
What is the survival time of dogs with cardiac HSA treated with centesis alone?
32
What is the survival time of dogs with cardiac HSA treated with sx alone? Sx plus chemo?
sx alone - 42 days | sx + chemo - 175 days
33
Can cardiac troponin I be used to support diagnosis of cardiac HSA? How?
Yes. Plasma cTrI > 0.25 ng/ml identified cardiac involvement in dogs with HSA, and cardiac HSA in dogs with pericardial effusion
34
Can effusion cytology be used to support diagnosis of HSA in dogs with pericardial effusion?
Not really. Samples were non-dx in 92%, and neoplasia only identified in 4.6% of samples. Samples were more likely diagnostic if sample Hct
35
What is the recurrence rate, metastatic rate, and OS in dogs with dermal HSA?
Recurrence (locoregional) in 77% MST 987 d (2.7 yrs) Mets in 34% (mostly NON at-risk breeds)
36
What is a T4 cutaneous SCC in a cat?
Tumor is invading muscle, fascia, or bone
37
What is a T1 N0 M0 cutaneous SCC in a cat?
Tumor
38
What is the MOA of vinca alkaloids?
Bind to tubulin and prevent polymerization of microtubules.
39
What is the MOA of carboplatin?
Pt are leaving groups, then bind to N7 and A7, intercalate into DNA, and create kinking of DNA strand. Binding affinity RNA > DNA > protein
40
What is the MOA of classical alkylators?
Gives up Cl-, creating highly reactive intermediate. Binds covalently to target (= alkylation), guanine N7 Alkylation leads to mispairing or strand breakage
41
What is the definition of dose intensity?
mg / m2 / week
42
What is the significance of TEG in dogs with neoplasia?
57% of dogs had hemostatic dysfunction 50% were HYPERcoagulable 17% were HYPOcoagulable - ALL had metastatic dz
43
What are the steps of RTK activation?
``` ligand binds receptors dimerize monomers phosphorylate each other opens catalytic site downstream signaling happens ```
44
Which RTKs are monomeric? Dimeric?
monomeric: EFG, FGF dimeric: PDGF
45
Which 3 RTK families possess a split kinase domain?
PDGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR
46
What is the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF)?
kit
47
What is the receptor for HGF?
Met
48
What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Th1 subset? Name 3
IL-12 IL-18 IFN-gamma
49
What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Th17 subset? Name 3
TGF-beta IL-6 IL-23
50
What cytokines stimulate differentiation to the Treg subset? Name 2
TGF-beta | IL-10
51
What cytokine stimulates differentiation to the Th2 subset?
IL-4
52
What transcription factors are induced by the Th1 subset?
T-BET STAT 1 STAT 4
53
What transcription factor is induced by the Th2 subset?
GATA-3
54
What transcription factors are induced by the Th17 subset?
ROR-gamma-t | STAT 3
55
What transcription factor is induced by the Treg subset?
FoxP3
56
What cytokines are produced by the Th1 subset? Name 3
IFN-gamma TNF-alpha IL-2
57
What cytokines are produced by the Th2 subset? Name 5
``` IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-10 IL-13 ```
58
What cytokines are produced by the Th17 subset? Name 3
IL-17 IL-21 IL-22
59
What cytokines are produced by the Treg subset?
TGF-beta | IL-10
60
What are the Hedgehog homolgs?
Homologs: sonic, Indian, desert
61
Give a brief description of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
When HH not present, Patched binds to Smoothened and inactivates it. When HH present, it binds PTC, freeing SMO for transcriptional activation.
62
Through what TF does Smoothened work?
GLI, a Zn-finger TF
63
Name 3 upstream activators of HH
PI3K, AKT, MET
64
In what K9 cancer is Indian HH overexpressed?
TCC
65
Which radioisotopes are beta/gamma emitters? Which is a pure beta emitter? Which is a pure gamma emitter?
Beta/gamma - I-131 Beta - Strontium Gamma - Tech
66
What is the significance of Bracken Fern in cows?
It activates E7 It upregulates Ras and EGFR It mutates p53 These things lead to bladder carcinoma, similar to BPV-2
67
What are the effector caspases in apoptosis? The initiator caspases?
Initiator - 8, 9, 10 | Effector - 3, 6, 7
68
What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
Defective or absent p53. Leads to defective DSB repair, defective cell cycle checkpoints, and is associated with early onset sarcomas.
69
In which non-cancerous cells can telomerase be normally found? Name 4
stem cells lens tissue male germ line cells activated lymphocytes/leukocytes
70
What is the difference between telomeres in mice and dogs/humans?
In mice, telomeres are longer, and expression in somatic tissue is less stringently regulated.
71
What is TERT?
The reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit of telomerase; TERT activity is the primary determinant of telomerase activity.
72
What is the staging system for mammary carcinoma?
I - tumor 5 cm IV - nodal mets V - distant mets
73
What is the staging system for hemangiosarcoma?
Two systems: I - confined to spleen II - ruptured spleen III - distant mets or RA mass I - 5 cm, ruptured, invading SQ, regional mets III - invading adjacent structures and/or distant mets
74
What is the response rate and survival time with Samarium?
2 studies: Primary bone tumors: 63% ORR, MST 100 d Skull tumors: 20% ORR, MST 144 d
75
For synovial cell sarcoma, name 2 IHC stains that should be positive, and two that should be negative.
vimentin - positive cytokeratin - positive CD18 - negative actin - negative
76
Name 5 IHC stains that should be positive for rhabdomyosarcoma:
``` vimentin skeletal actin myglobin myogenin myo D ```
77
For dogs with untreated nasal adenocarcinoma: - what is the leading cause of death? - what is the MST? - what is a major negative prognostic indicator?
Leading cause of death - prog. local dz MST - 95 d Neg prog - epistaxis (88 vs 224 days)
78
Which nitrogen mustards are prodrugs?
Chlorambucil | Cyclophosphamide
79
Which drug reduces the bioavailability of melphalan by 30%?
cimetidine
80
What is the equation for BSA?
``` BSA = [K * (weight in g) ^ 2/3] / 10,000 K = 10 for cats K = 10.1 for dogs ```

Clinical (13 decks)

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