Miscellaneous

Question 1

What is considered an annual rapid decline in GFR?

Answer 1

> 3 ml/min

Question 2

What are expected 24 hour urine creatinine levels?

Answer 2

Men = 25 mg/kg/day

Women = 20 mg/kg/day

Question 3

What size is considered when evaluating an atrophic kidney?

Answer 3

< 10 cm long

Question 4

What can cause an elevated Cystatin C?

Answer 4

Steroids
Hypothyroidism
Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 5

What are the ANCA lab findings with the following:
GPA?
eGPA?
MPA?
Drug induced vasculitis?

Answer 5

GPA: + cANCA, + PR3
eGPA: +pANCA, + MPO
MPA: +pANCA, + MPO
Drug induced vasculitis: +pANCA, + MPO

Question 6

Is MPO or PR3 positivity more likely to indicate extrarenal manifestations?

Answer 6

PR3

Question 7

What five drugs are implicated in drug induced vasculitis?

Answer 7

Propylthiouracil
Hydralazine
Levamisole
Allopurinol
Minocycline

Question 8

What is the treatment for AAV?

Answer 8

Induction:
Steroids + Cyclophosphamide OR Rituximab

Maintenance:
Rituximab OR Azathioprine

Question 9

In addition to steroids, which induction agent is indicated for AAV in those with severe AKI (ie RRT)?

Answer 9

Cyclophosphamide

Question 10

What is the Rule of Six for AVF?

Answer 10

At 6 weeks post-creation:
1) AVF supports BFR > 600 mL/min
2) AVF is < 6 mm from skin surface
3) AVF has a diameter > 6 cm

Question 11

What is the treatment for malakoplakia?

Answer 11

Antibiotics + Bethanechol + Vitamin C

Question 12

Exposure to what compound is implicated in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy?

Answer 12

Aristolochic acid

Question 13

What drug can result in a false positive urinary ketone test?

Answer 13

Tiopronin

Question 14

What will the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and PTH be in adynamic bone disease?

Answer 14

Normal

Question 15

What is the drug of choice for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 15

Thiazide

Question 16

How do you calculate transferrin saturation?

Answer 16

Iron / TIBC

Question 17

What is the drug of choice for struvite stones in a patient who is not a surgical candidate?

Answer 17

Acetohydroxamic acid

Question 18

How do you estimate total protein intake by urine urea nitrogen?

Answer 18

UUN / 0.16

Question 19

What is the recommended amount of protein intake for those with CKD?

Answer 19

0.6 g/kg/d

Question 20

What is the drug of choice for scleroderma renal crisis?

Answer 20

ACEi

Question 21

Mutations in UMOD and MUC1 can lead to what condition?

Answer 21

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease

Question 22

When should you perform an initial screen for cerebral aneurysms in ADPKD patients?

Answer 22

For those with a high risk occupation OR family history

Question 23

How often should you screen ADPKD patients with cerebral aneurysms?

Answer 23

Every 1-5 year for high risk occupation
Every 5-10 years for + family history

Question 24

What size cerebral aneurysms in ADPKD patients require treatment?

Answer 24

10 mm of larger

Question 25

Outside of sodium bicarbonate, what should be given in cases of ASA overdose?

Answer 25

Dextrose

Question 26

Colistin is associated with what form of AKI?

Answer 26

ATN

Question 27

What is the main symptom of balkan endemic nephropathy?

Answer 27

Gross hematuria

Question 28

High or low urine pH can result in false positive protein detection?

Answer 28

Alkaline urine

Question 29

Contrast location of skin lesions in acquired perforating dermatosis and porphyria cutanea tarda?

Answer 29

APD: Friction areas PCT: Sun exposed areas

Question 30

What is the pathophysiology and treatment of cystinosis?

Answer 30

Pathophysiology: lysosomal cystine accumulation (PTECs) Treatment: PO + IO cysteamine

Question 31

Contrast renal lesions seen in VHL and TSC?

Answer 31

VHL: clear cell carcinoma TSC: angiomyolipomas

Question 32

What is the drug used to treat angiomyolipomas > 3 cm?

Answer 32

mTori

Question 33

Most renal cyst infections are cultured to be what organism?

Answer 33

E. coli

Question 34

Best antihypertensive for breastfeeding patient?

Answer 34

Labetalol

Question 35

Inheritance pattern and pathophysiology of Dent Disease?

Answer 35

X-linked recessive Lysosomal CLCN5 defect

Question 36

Inheritance pattern and pathophysiology of Pendred Syndrome?

Answer 36

Autosomal recessive Pendrin issue (goiter, hearing loss)

Question 37

What is the mechanism of kidney injury for the following drugs: Synthetic cannabinoids? Synthetic cathinones? Cocaine? Ketamine? MDMA?

Answer 37

Synthetic cannabinoids: ATN Synthetic cathinones: rhabdomyolysis Cocaine: rhabdomyolysis Ketamine: obstruction MDMA: rhabdomyolysis

Question 38

Propofol can cause benign ________ crystalluria?

Answer 38

uric acid

Question 39

5-ASA mechanism of kidney injury?

Answer 39

Interstitial nephritis

Question 40

Contrast appearance of urinary acyclovir crystals and sulfa crystals?

Answer 40

Acyclovir: needle shaped Sulfa: fan shaped

Question 41

Which drugs can be prophylactically used to prevent flares of: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis? Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis? Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis?

Answer 41

Hypokalemia periodic paralysis: acetazolamide Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: HCTZ Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: propranolol

Question 42

Inheritance patterns for the following conditions: Fabry disease? Dent disease? Cystinosis? Bartter syndrome? Gitleman syndrome? Gordon syndrome? Liddle syndrome? Pendred syndrome? Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism?

Answer 42

Fabry = X linked Dent = X lined recessive Cystinosis = Autosomal recessive Bartter = Autosomal recessive Gitleman = Autosomal recessive Gordon = Autosomal dominant Liddle = Autosomal dominant Pendred = Autosomal recessive GRA = Autosomal dominant

Question 43

ARPKD is associated with what biliary disorder?

Answer 43

Biliary duct dilation

Question 44

Euglycemic DKA can be seen with what class of drugs?

Answer 44

SGLT2i

Question 45

Which antihypertensive agent has uricosuric effects?

Answer 45

Losartan

Question 46

What is the ideal vein diameter for AVF creation?

Answer 46

> 2.5 mm

Question 47

How does the volume status differ in SIADH and CSW?

Answer 47

Euvolemic (SIADH) and hypovolemic (CSW)

Question 48

What UOsm levels are seen in those with polyuria secondary to solute diuresis vs water diuresis?

Answer 48

UOsm > 600 mOsm/kg with solute diuresis UOsm < 300 mOsm/kg with water diuresis (ie DI)

Question 49

What is the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome in long-standing dialysis patient?

Answer 49

B2 microglobulin accumulation

Question 50

Colchicine toxicity is increased if one is also on what class of antibiotics?

Answer 50

Macrolides

Question 51

What is the treatment for pheochromocytoma prior to surgery?

Answer 51

Phenoxybenzamine--> beta blocker--> high salt diet

Question 52

Deficiency in FGF23 OR klotho can result in what condition?

Answer 52

Familial tumoral calcinosis

Question 53

What type of PKD1 mutation results in highest ESKD risk?

Answer 53

Truncating mutation

Question 54

Which antihypertensive is associated with cardiac tamponade?

Answer 54

Minoxidil

Question 55

Carotid artery stenosis screen should occur in patients diagnosed with ________?

Answer 55

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 56

Which conditions are more associated with proximal vs distal renal artery stenosis?

Answer 56

Proximal = atherosclerosis Distal = fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 57

Phenytoin can decrease serum levels of ____________?

Answer 57

25OH vitamin D

Question 58

True or False: Estrogen can raise blood pressure?

Answer 58

True

Question 59

What is the treatment for X linked hypophosphatemia?

Answer 59

Barosumab (FGF inhibitor)

Question 60

What is the treatment for glucocorticoid remedial aldosteronism?

Answer 60

Corticosteroids + Spironolactone

Question 61

What is the pathophysiology and treatment for Geller's Syndrome?

Answer 61

3rd trimester hypertension due to progesterone mediated mineralocorticoid activation Treated with delivery and avoidance of spironolactone