Missed Questions Flashcards by Jose Carrillo

When small inconsistencies are justified by large consistencies, cognitive dissonance:

A. always occurs.
B. often occurs.
C. sometimes occurs.
D. does not occur.

D. does not occur.

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When people are presented with individuals belonging to a group that they have negatively stereotyped, but who are slightly different from their stereotype, they usually:

A. admit they are wrong and amend their original stereotype.
B. discredit the new information as a “fluke” and feel more confident about the original stereotype.
C. create new subcategories to acknowledge the new information but maintain the original stereotype.
D. create new subcategories to acknowledge the new information and amend the original stereotype to be less negative.

C. create new subcategories to acknowledge the new information but maintain the original stereotype.

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During the _____ stage of prenatal development, the zygote continues to divide and its cells begin to differentiate.

A. embryonic
B. germinal
C. fetal
D. zygote

A. embryonic

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The implantation of the zygote into the uterus signals the beginning of the:

A. fetal stage.
B. zygotic stage.
C. germinal stage.
D. embryonic stage.

D. embryonic stage

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Infants have demonstrated social behavior just after birth by:

mimicking facial expressions and showing greater interest in faces than in objects.

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Sinbad’s mother leaves him alone in the room for a minute. Sinbad is certain that his mother will return and expectantly watches the doorway for her reappearance. Sinbad has developed a(n):

A. attachment to his mother.
B. memory of his mother.
C. internal working model of attachment.
D. insecure attachment to his mother

C. internal working model of attachment.

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Compared with childhood, throughout adolescence, people spend _____ time with opposite-sex peers and _____ time with same-sex peers.

A. more; more
B. less; less
C. more; less
D. more; equal

D. more; equal

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As you age, your brain becomes _____ specialized for specific tasks.

A. more
B. less
C. not at all
D. exclusively

B. less

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The _____ is more activated in younger adults than older adults, most likely accounting for the decrease in experience of negative emotions as we age.

A. prefrontalcortex
B. primary visual cortex
C. amygdala
D. hippocampus

C. amygdala

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The newest direction in personality research is:

A. psychophysiological measurement.
B. personality inventories.
C. projective tests.
D. real-time data collection and analysis.

D. real-time data collection and analysis.

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Biological factors have shown to be _____ in determining personality.

A. completely unrelated
B. not likely to be involved
C. important
D. completely dominant

C. important

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With respect to similarity of personality, identical twins who are raised apart are _____ those raised together.

A. somewhat less similar than
B. drastically less similar than
C. at least as similar as
D. much more similar than

C. at least as similar as

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You have had a very bad day. Your car broke down, you received a low grade on an exam, and you spilled ketchup on your white shirt. When you get home and see dirty dishes in the sink, you start yelling at your roommate. Which defense mechanism may you be using?

A. projection
B. displacement
C. reaction formation
D. repression

B. displacement

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According to the work of Mischel, what do we learn when we know how a person will behave in one particular situation?

A. It will be unhelpful in predicting that person’s behavior in another situation.
B. It will not be particularly helpful in predicting that person’s behavior in another situation.
C. It will be generally helpful in predicting that person’s behavior in another situation.
D. It will always be helpful in predicting that person’s behavior in another situation.

B. It will not be particularly helpful in predicting that person’s behavior in another situation.

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Our _____ and our _____ do not always match up.

A. defense mechanisms; personalities
B. self-concepts; self-narratives
C. locus of control; self-concepts
D. egos; self-concepts

B. self-concepts; self-narratives

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On a job interview, when Mary is asked to describe herself, she goes into detail about her earliest memories and favorite places she visited as a child. Although this is a description of herself, this type of _____ is probably not what the interviewers were looking for.

A. self-esteem
B. self-narrative
C. self-verification
D. self-concept

B. self-narrative

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People tend to make _____ attributions for other people’s actions even when they are clearly caused by the circumstances in which they occurred.

A. dispositional
B. clinical
C. cognitive
D. situational

A. dispositional

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In research on judging personality traits of people based on their dorm rooms, participants:

A. could guess personality traits with high accuracy.
B. could guess personality traits with moderate accuracy.
C. could not accurately guess personality traits.
D. could only guess selected traits accurately.

A. could guess personality traits with high accuracy.

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Cara has taken on new responsibilities at work while adopting a child and getting married. If these challenges are greater than her abilities, she would experience _____, according to humanistic theorists.

A. self-actualization
B. anxiety
C. boredom
D. physical needs

B. anxiety

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Which approach to personality is most consistent with a behavioral approach?

A. physiological
B. humanistic
C. psychodynamic
D. social cognitive

D. social cognitive

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Anthony is nice to you in class, but rude to you in the dining hall. This situation provides an example of the _____ controversy.

A. interpersonal
B. person-situation
C. hunger-deprivation
D. context-dependent

B. person-situation

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The observation that people prefer the first letter of their name to other letters in the alphabet provides support for what concept?

A. narcissism
B. self-esteem
C. implicit egotism
D. self-concept

C. implicit egotism

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The _____ rule describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery.

A. medialfrontal
B. proximodistal
C. cephalocaudal
D. proximalmedial

B. proximodistal

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Jessica can make a well thought out and rational argument for why she is opposed to the death penalty. Jessica is most likely in Piaget’s _____ stage of cognitive development.

A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. formal operational
D. concrete operational

C. formal operational

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____ is the most sudden and clearly marked stage of development. A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Adolescence D. Adulthood

C. Adolescence

Which of the following is NOT a well-supported finding regarding sexual orientation? A. Gay men and lesbians are more likely to have gay and lesbian siblings. B. Early sexual experiences determine sexual orientation. C. The identical twin of a gay man is more likely to also be gay. D. High levels of prenatal exposure to androgens predispose female fetuses to be lesbians.

B. Early sexual experiences determine sexual orientation.

Married people consistently report being _____ unmarried people. A. happier than B. not as happy as C. more anxious than D. more stressed than

A. happier than

Although parents generally report that having children _____ their happiness, survey results suggest that happiness _____ after children are born A. decreases; increases B. increases; decreases C. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases

B. increases; decreases

Research on attachment has used a test to measure an infant’s reaction to periods of maternal separation. An infant who is generally not distressed when the caregiver leaves the room, and also does not acknowledge her when she returns, is said to have what type of attachment style? A. secure B. avoidant C. ambivalent D. disorganized

B. avoidant

Which of the following is accurate regarding the trait approach to personality? A. Traits are only evident in specific stages of life. B. Traits change rapidly depending on circumstances. C. Traits are relatively consistent across a variety of settings. D. Traits are unconsciously defined and based on socially unacceptable desires.

C. Traits are relatively consistent across a variety of settings.

What do we need to know in order to predict behavior? A. We need to know something about a person’s personality and prior situations. B. We need to know something about a person’s personality. C. We need to know something about a person’s experiences in prior situations. D. People are unpredictable so it doesn’t really matter what we know.

A. We need to know something about a person’s personality and prior situations.

According to the work of Mischel, what is the relationship between traits and behavior? A. They are not related. B. They are somewhat correlated. C. They are strongly correlated. D. They are perfectly correlated.

B. They are somewhat correlated.

Which of the following serves as a source of your self-esteem? A. your hair color B. your comparison group C. your intelligence level D. your height

B. your comparison group

Which of the following is the most important in predicting when a child will develop theory of mind? A. how many siblings a child has B. the family’s socioeconomic status C. whether the child has an imaginary companion D. a child’s language skills

D. a child’s language skills

Vygotsky’s theory of development differed from Piaget’s largely because of its focus on: A. cultural influences on physiology. B. cultural influences on cognitive development. C. motor skills on physiology. D. motor skills on cognitive development.

B. cultural influences on cognitive development.

Physical declines in adulthood begin during the: A. early 20s. B. early 30s. C. mid 20s. D. late 30s

C. mid 20s.

Young adults show more activation in the _____ during verbal tasks. A. right prefrontal cortex than in the left prefrontal cortex B. left prefrontal cortex than in the right prefrontal cortex C. left parietal cortex than in the right parietal cortex D. right parietal cortex than in the left parietal cortex

B. left prefrontal cortex than in the right prefrontal cortex

Being socially isolated _____ smoking or being overweight, with respect to physical health. A. is not comparable with B. is much better than C. is equally as bad as D. is much worse than

C. is equally as bad as

As people get older, they do_____ on tests of working memory in comparison with performance on tests of _____. A. worse; episodic memory B. worse; long-term memory C. better; recognition memory D. better; long-term memory

B. worse; long-term memory

Researchers who study personality traits as causes of behavior use _____ and those who study personality traits as motives for behavior use _____. A. personality inventories; projective tests B. projective tests; personality inventories C. personality inventories; personality inventories D. projective tests; projective tests

A. personality inventories; projective tests

According to Eysenck, there are _____ major dimensions of personality: _____. A. five; conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. B. three; conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion. C. two; introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/emotional stability. D. two; neuroticism and openness.

C. two; introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/emotional stability.

_____ largely governs the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego. A. Anxiety B. Sexual desire C. Depression D. Repression

A. Anxiety

Yoli is starting a new job and beginning a volunteer experience at a homeless shelter. If the sum of the demands is matched to her ability, Yoli should experience what humanist theorists describe as: A. self-actualization. B. anxiety. C. boredom. D. flow

D. flow

Researchers taking the social cognitive approach focus on: A. how people perceive their environment. B. only the psychological “black box” studied by behaviorists. C. the genetic factors that determine personality. D. a lifestyle of both thinking and partying.

A. how people perceive their environment.

Myelination, the process whereby the axons of a neuron are insulated, begins during the _____ stage of development. A. fetal B. embryonic C. germinal D. birth

A. fetal

What area of the brain experiences rapid growth of synapses and the subsequent elimination of the synapses that are not used often during adolescence? A. the primary visual cortex B. the medial temporal cortex C. the prefrontal cortex D. the midbrain

C. the prefrontal cortex

Which statement is most accurate with regard to adolescence? A. Adolescence is a time of storm and stress for all adolescents. B. Adolescence is a time of storm and stress for male adolescents. C. Adolescence is a time of storm and stress for female adolescents. D. Adolescence is not a time of storm and stress for most adolescents.

D. Adolescence is not a time of storm and stress for most adolescents.

Many people were influenced to invest in a scheme that promised very large returns. What basic want made them susceptible to social influence? A. the approval motive B. the accuracy motive C. the hedonic motive D. the primary motive

C. the hedonic motive

During a test of attachment, Gravis notices when his mother leaves the room but does not appear upset. When she returns, Gravis smiles at her and continues to play happily with a truck.What attachment style does Gravis best fit? A. secure B. avoidant C. ambivalent D. disorganized

A. secure

The two major kinds of measures used by psychologists to measure personality are: A. naturalistic observations and projective techniques. B. the MMPI and the TAT. C. personality inventories and naturalistic observations. D. personality inventories and projective techniques.

D. personality inventories and projective techniques.

Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to stimuli than do extraverts. A. more strongly B. about the same C. slightly less D. significantly less

A. more strongly

In the Freudian unconscious, the _____ is responsible for balancing out the conflicts between the _____. A. ego; id and superego B. id; ego and superego C. superego; id and ego D. id; ego and itself

A. ego; id and superego

As a reaction to Freud’s psychosexual theory and its dark view of human nature, humanistic psychologists focused on how humans _____, leading to personality development. A. respond to the environment B. make plans C. make healthy choices D. deal with conflicts

C. make healthy choices

Unlike the behavioral approach, social cognitive personality researchers believe that the _____ of the environment influences personality. A. reinforcers B. punishers C. perception D. context

C. perception

According to evolutionary theory, _____ could reflect how much a person feels included by others at any given moment. A. self-concept B. self-esteem C. self-verification D. egotism

B. self-esteem

What two reflexes are babies initially born with to assist them in feeding? A. rooting and grabbing B. sucking and kicking C. grabbing and kicking D. rooting and sucking

D. rooting and sucking

Research on sexual orientation supports the observation that homosexuality is: A. caused by a domineering mother and submissive father. B. caused by bad parenting. C. easily changed through conversion therapy. D. heavily influenced by genes and biology.

D. heavily influenced by genes and biology.

Which of the following represents the correct sequencing of the stages of prenatal development? A. germinal, zygotic, embryonic, fetal B. zygotic, embryonic, germinal, fetal C. zygotic, germinal, embryonic, fetal D. embryonic, zygotic, germinal, fetal

A. germinal, zygotic, embryonic, fetal

Cognitive development through the stages of sensorimotor to formal operations is a: A. step-like process with distinct starting and ending points. B. long process typically spanning from birth to 18 years of age. C. continuous process with gradual transitions across stages. D. rapid process that occurs from birth to 6 years of age.

C. continuous process with gradual transitions across stages.

C. the prefrontal cortex

As our brains age we show: A. less bilateral asymmetry. B. more bilateral asymmetry. C. better episodic memory. D. better retrieval of information from memory.

A. less bilateral asymmetry.

One reason aging adults may perform more poorly on tasks is that: A. the specific task does not interest them. B. their brains are too deteriorated to think quickly. C. only localized regions of the brain are preserved during aging. D. long-term memory is completely diminished after the age of 40 years

A. the specific task does not interest them.

Which description is most appropriate for people with highly reactive behavioral activation systems? A. introverted B. extraverted C. psychologically ill D. depressed

B. extraverted

How is testosterone related to aggression? A. It directly causes aggressive behavior. B. It prepares people for aggressing, by making them feel powerful and overconfident. C. It relaxes people so that their muscles are loose and ready to fight. D. It makes people feel calm and less irritable.

B. It prepares people for aggressing, by making them feel powerful and overconfident.

What was the main result of Milgram’s famous studies? A. Most people have underlying sadistic tendencies. B. Most people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure. C. A minority of people have underlying sadistic tendencies. D. A minority of people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure

B. Most people will obey an authority figure because of normative pressure.

Maternal malnutrition is linked to an increased likelihood of the child developing: A. autism. B. bipolar disorder. C. depression. D. schizophrenia.

D. schizophrenia

What is one problem with the psychosexual stage theory? A. It demonstrates the importance of early childhood experiences in forming personality. B. It incorporates the need to negotiate between personal needs and desires and societal pressures. C. It does not accurately describe any personality types. D. It offers after-the-fact complex explanations with little predictive power.

D. It offers after-the-fact complex explanations with little predictive power

Our self-esteem is more likely to be influenced by something in a domain that is ____ to us rather by a domain that is _____ to us. A. novel; familiar B. familiar; novel C. unimportant; important D. important; unimportant

D. important; unimportant

When your roommate tells you that you should get up earlier in the morning so you get to class on time, she is expressing a(n): A. belief. B. attitude. C. norm. D. informational influence.

A. belief.

_____ can explain why fraternities use hazing and why some religious cults require that members give all of their worldly possessions to the cult. A. The door-in-the-face phenomenon B. Altruism C. Bait and switch D. Cognitive dissonance

D. Cognitive dissonance

How long after the sperm penetrates the egg are the nuclei merged? A. 1 hour B. 2 hours C. 12 hours D. 24 hours

C. 12 hours

Based on the research on conformity, showing people how much water they use compared with their neighbors who use less would have what net effect on water consumption? A. no effect B. increased water consumption C. decreased water consumption D. It depends on the baseline rate

C. decreased water consumption

Joshua is always smiling and happy, Erica startles easily and frequently cries, and Pablo takes a while to warm up to people. The behavior of each of these children can more generally be described as his or her: A. personality. B. temperament. C. attachment style. D. moral development.

B. temperament.

The decrease in bilateral asymmetry with increasing age seems to be: A. a sign of cognitive decline. B. an indication of mental decay. C. a compensatory change. D. a life-threatening condition.

C. a compensatory change.

John always wears a cowboy hat and cowboy boots. He is a heavy beer drinker, fiercely patriotic, and is friendly with everyone. How can we easily sum up John’s characteristics? A. We can think of them as defense mechanisms. B. We can think of them as his self-concept. C. We can think of them as parts of his personality. D. We can think of him as having a strong superego

C. We can think of them as parts of his personality.

Tyra is very afraid of letting people get really close to her. She breaks up with her boyfriend because she says he is afraid of intimacy. Which defense mechanism may Tyra be using? A. sublimation B. identification C. projection D. displacement

C. projection

Why do humans, compared with most other animals, tend to mate in long-term, committed relationships? A. because human infants are born before they are fully developed in terms of brain and head size B. because humans are genetically predisposed to only experience love once C. because psychological feelings of love can only occur once or twice D. because human infants do not need much care, leaving time for the parents to reproduce more ofte

A. because human infants are born before they are fully developed in terms of brain and head size

During a debate, what are people’s attitudes and beliefs on issues mostly influenced by? A. the status of the speaker B. the strength of the arguments C. the status of the speaker and strength of their arguments to equal degrees D. their own personal morality

A. the status of the speaker

Based on what you know about influence and conformity, who would most likely be influential in a debate about illegal immigration? A. a media pundit B. a professor of immigration law C. a legal immigrant D. an illegal immigrant

B. a professor of immigration law

In the final stage of moral development, Piaget suggests that children shift their thinking from _____ to _____. A. intentions; drives B. consequences; intentions C. consequences; drives D. intentions; consequences

B. consequences; intentions

``` In Milgram’s infamous study, _____ of the participants delivered the highest level of shock. A. none B. less than 10% C. about 50% D. more than 50% but less than 100% ```

D. more than 50% but less than 100%

When you state that all cats smell bad, you are expressing a(n) _____ about cats. A. belief B. attitude C. norm D. informational influence

B. attitude

You are making _____ when you get a bad grade on a test and, rather than admitting that you didn’t study as much as you should have, say it is because the teacher didn’t prepare you well enough and you were having a bad day. A. a correspondence bias B. the fundamental attribution error C. a situational attribution D. a social oxymoron

C. a situational attribution

Jon’s teacher knows that he has had the flu and has been very ill. Jon doesn’t perform well on his exam but his teacher still believes that his poor performance is due to his laziness and not to his illness. Jon’s teacher is demonstrating: A. a self-fulfilling prophecy. B. cognitive dissonance. C. a correspondence bias. D. deindividuation.

C. a correspondence bias.

A newborn human baby’s brain is approximately _____ of its adult size. A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90%

A. 25%

_____ allow(s) young children to learn more from mature humans during social interaction and develop(s) sometime around their first birthday. A. Social referencing B. Joint attention C. Following another human’s gaze D. Social referencing and joint attention

D. Social referencing and joint attention

Once a zygote has implanted itself on the uterine wall, this signifies the end of the _____ stage of development and the beginning of the _____ stage. A. germinal; embryonic B. germinal; fetal C. embryonic; fetal D. embryonic; germinal

A. germinal; embryonic

Which of these statements explains why the human brain is NOT completely developed at birth, even though the brains of other primates are fully developed at birth? A. Through the process of evolution, human brains have outgrown the possibility of passing safely through the vaginal opening for birth. B. Human beings’ brains are highly adaptive and, thus, a fully developed brain at birth would not allow a person to successfully adapt to his/her environment. C. Human beings’ brains are built for language but these skills don’t develop until after birth and require tremendous growth of the brain. D. All of these are explanations are correct.

B. Human beings’ brains are highly adaptive and, thus, a fully developed brain at birth would not allow a person to successfully adapt to his/her environment.

You are waiting in a doctor’s office. A child in the waiting room is sitting across from you, and there is a large solid coffee table between you. The child places her doll in front of the table on the ground and you cannot see it from your vantage point. You ask the child if she thinks you can see her doll. A child who is about 3 years old will likely tell you: A. yes, you can see the doll. B. no, you cannot see the doll because the coffee table is in your way. C. no, you cannot see the doll but she is not sure why. D. there is no way for her to tell if you can see the doll.

A. yes, you can see the doll.

In one study, Piaget showed children a row of cups and asked them to place an egg in each. Afterward, Piaget spread the eggs out in a long line that extended beyond the row of cups. Children who were in the _____ stage of cognitive development incorrectly claimed that there were more eggs than cups because the row of eggs was longer than the row of cups. A. concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. formal operational D. preoperational

D. preoperational

Findings from Harlow’s experiments with monkeys suggest that: A. providing food alone is necessary for normal development. B. providing a safe, warm environment alone is necessary for normal development. C. providing both food and a safe, warm environment with a nurturing primary caregiver are necessary for normal development. D. normal development only occurs when infants are raised by their biological mothers.

B. providing a safe, warm environment alone is necessary for normal development.

What can help us understand the differences in the way situations are interpreted by different people? A. person-situation controversies B. social cognitive approaches C. mental intra-selective experiences D. personal constructs

D. personal constructs

We are more likely to marry someone who is: A. similar to us in education but not in religion. B. similar to us in education and religion. C. similar to us in religion but not in education. D. completely opposite to us.

B. similar to us in education and religion.

When we _____ the variability of human categories, we feel _____ in using our stereotypes. A. underestimate; justified B. underestimate; unjustified C. overestimate; unjustified D. overestimate; justified

A. underestimate; justified

You are attending a yoga class for the first time. After noticing that everyone is seated on their yoga mat with their socks and shoes removed, you take off your socks and shoes and sit down on a yoga mat. Your behavior is being guided by: A. normative influence. B. informational influence. C. obedience to authority. D. persuasion.

A. normative influence.

Missed Questions Flashcards

(95 cards)