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missing deck Flashcards

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1
Q

Bully Pulpit

A

The president’s use of visibility and prestige to guide or mobilize public opinion

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2
Q

Confirmation Process

A

Executive Cabinet: Senate confirms majority appointments by majority vote.

Judicial: Senate confirms federal judges/Supreme Court justices with a majority.

Diplomats: Ambassadors require Senate confirmation.

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3
Q

State of the Union Address

A

annual message by the president to Congress, laying out policy agenda; required by Constitution (Article II, Section 3).

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4
Q

22nd Amendment

A

Limits the president to two terms or 10 years total.

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5
Q

25th Amendment

A

Outlines presidential succession and procedures for handling presidential disability

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6
Q

Roles of POTUS

A

Chief Executive, Commander-in-Chief, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Party Leader, Head of State, Economic Leader.

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7
Q

Presidential Popularity (Approval Ratings)

A

Higher ratings increase influence; can shape legislative success and party strength.

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8
Q

War Powers Act (1973)

A

Limits president’s power to commit troops; must notify Congress within 48 hours; combat limited to 60 days without approval.

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9
Q

Presidential Nomination & Senate Approval

A

Applies to federal judges, ambassadors, and treaties (treaties require 2/3 Senate approval).

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10
Q

Budgetary Process (Congress v. POTUS)

A

President proposes budget; Congress (House & Senate Budget Committees) approves and allocates funding.

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11
Q

Quasi-Legislative Power (Rule Making)

A

Bureaucratic agencies create regulations that have the force of law.

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12
Q

Regulatory Power of Bureaucracy

A

Agencies enforce laws by setting rules and punishing violators (e.g., EPA, FDA).

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13
Q

Checks on Bureaucracy

A

Congress: oversight, budget control, rewrite legislation.

Courts: judicial review.

President: appoints leaders, executive orders.

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14
Q

Iron Triangles

A

Policy-making alliances between bureaucratic agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups.

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15
Q

Congressional Oversight of Bureaucracy

A

Congress monitors agency activities via hearings, investigations, and funding control.

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16
Q

Hatch Act (1939)

A

Limits political activity of federal employees to ensure neutrality.

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17
Q

Pendleton Act (1883)

A

Established merit-based hiring to reduce patronage/spoils system.

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18
Q

Federalist 70

A

Argues for a single, energetic executive to ensure accountability and effectiveness.

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19
Q

Conservative Ideology

A

Limited government, free markets, personal responsibility, traditional values.

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20
Q

Liberalism (Left-Leaning)

A

Beliefs: Government should play an active role in the economy and social welfare; support for civil rights and personal freedoms.

Economic Policy: Supports government regulation, higher taxes on the wealthy, social safety nets (e.g., Medicare, welfare).

Social Policy: Pro-choice, pro-LGBTQ+ rights, favor gun control, supports environmental regulations.

Party Association: Generally aligned with the Democratic Party

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21
Q

Conservatism (Right-Leaning)

A

Beliefs: Emphasizes limited government, individual responsibility, traditional social values, and free-market economics.

Economic Policy: Favors tax cuts, less regulation, and reduced government spending.

Social Policy: Pro-life, supports Second Amendment rights, skeptical of government-run welfare programs.

Party Association: Generally aligned with the Republican Party.

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22
Q

Moderate / Centrist

A

Beliefs: Falls between liberal and conservative; supports policies from both sides depending on the issue.

Policy Approach: Pragmatic, supports compromise; may support liberal social policies but conservative economic ones (or vice versa)

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23
Q

Libertarianism

A

Beliefs: Strong emphasis on individual liberty, minimal government intervention in both economic and social issues.

Economic Policy: Free markets, low/no taxes, minimal government regulation.

Social Policy: Pro-choice, pro-drug legalization, anti-surveillance, pro-gun rights.

Foreign Policy: Non-interventionist.

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24
Q

Populism

A

Beliefs: Appeals to the “common people” against elites; can be left-wing or right-wing depending on context.

Economic Policy: May support government action to protect workers or nationalism in trade.

Social Policy: Often culturally conservative, but economically liberal.

Modern Examples: Elements seen in both progressive (e.g., Bernie Sanders) and Trump-style politics.

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25
Progressivism
Beliefs: Focuses on social justice, reform, and expanding civil rights; often overlaps with liberalism but more activist. Economic Policy: Strong support for wealth redistribution, universal healthcare, environmental justice. Social Policy: Advocates for systemic change and equity (not just equality).
26
Authoritarianism / Statism (for contrast)
Beliefs: Centralized power in government; limits on personal freedoms for control or order. Not typically part of mainstream U.S. ideology, but important for understanding ideological spectrum.
27
Class Action Suits
Lawsuits brought on behalf of a group similarly affected.
28
Standing to Sue
Requirement that plaintiffs have a serious interest in a case’s outcome.
29
Amicus Curiae Briefs
“Friend of the court” briefs filed by outside parties to influence decisions.
30
Original Jurisdiction
Court hears the case first (e.g., Supreme Court in state disputes).
31
Appellate Jurisdiction
Courts review decisions of lower courts
32
Senatorial Courtesy
President consults senators from a nominee’s state before appointing district judges.
33
Stare Decisis
“Let the decision stand” – courts follow precedent.
34
Precedents
Past judicial decisions that guide future rulings.
35
Original Intent
Interpreting the Constitution based on the framers' intended meaning.
36
Judicial Implementation
How court decisions are enforced and carried out in practice.
37
Barron v. Baltimore (1833
Bill of Rights does not apply to state governments (pre-incorporation).
38
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Begins selective incorporation—applying Bill of Rights to states via the 14th Amendment.
39
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Ruled African Americans not citizens; intensified tensions before Civil War.
40
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Flag burning protected as free speech under the First Amendment.
41
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Students have free speech rights in school if not disruptive.
42
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Limited Congress's power under Commerce Clause; struck down Gun-Free School Zones Act.
43
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Applied exclusionary rule to states; evidence from illegal searches is inadmissible.
44
19th Amendment
Women’s suffrage (1920).
45
24th Amendment
Banned poll taxes in federal elections.
46
26th Amendment
Voting age lowered to 18.
47
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Prohibits discrimination based on disability; requires accessibility accommodations.
48
Affirmative Action
Policies that promote opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups.
49
Exclusionary Rule
Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.
50
Self-Incrimination
5th Amendment right to remain silent to avoid testifying against oneself.
51
Plea Bargaining
Defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
52
8th Amendment: Cruel & Unusual Punishment
Prohibits excessive punishment or torture-like conditions.
53
Right to Privacy
Not explicitly stated; inferred from amendments (e.g., Griswold v. Connecticut, Roe v. Wade).
54
Selective Incorporation Doctrine
Process by which the Supreme Court applies Bill of Rights to the states using the 14th Amendment
55
Clear and Present Danger
Speech can be limited if it presents a serious, immediate threat (e.g., Schenck v. U.S.)
56
Problems with Articles of Confederation
Weak central government, no power to tax or regulate trade, no executive branch.
57
Factors Affecting Congressional Incumbency
Name recognition, casework, media access, fundraising, gerrymandering.
58
House of Representatives
435 members, based on population, 2-year terms, initiates revenue bills.
59
Senate
100 members (2 per state), 6-year terms, confirms appointments, ratifies treaties.
60
Bicameral Legislature
Two-chamber Congress: House + Senate.
61
Trustee Representation
Reps use their own judgment to make decisions.
62
Delegate Representation
Reps reflect the direct wishes of constituents.
63
Constituents
The people politicians represent.
64
Incumbents
Current officeholders.
65
Credit Claiming
Politicians take credit for government benefits/projects to gain support.
66
Casework
Helping constituents with government services.
67
Pork Barrel
Government spending for local projects to bring money to a representative’s district.
68
Seniority System
Preference for committee leadership goes to longest-serving members.
69
House Rules Committee
Sets rules for debate and amendments on House floor.
70
Joint Committees
Members from both chambers for special purposes (e.g., economic or library issues).
71
Conference Committees
Resolve differences in House/Senate versions of a bill.
72
Select Committee
Temporary committee for a specific investigation or issue.
73
Subcommittee
Smaller part of a full committee, more focused legislation review.
74
Marked Up” Bill
A bill that has been edited or amended in committee.
75
Committee Chairs
Leaders of committees, usually based on seniority and majority party.
76
Congressional Caucuses
Groups of members with shared interests (e.g., Black Caucus, Freedom Caucus).
77

AP Government (6 decks)

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