missing information Flashcards
what are six signs the church was healthy before Henry split?
- large scale building in the 1500s
- pilgrimages were very popular e.g. Canterbury
- lots of local festivals e.g. St Sebastien’s for harvest and the church was the centre of village life
- people prolifically donating to churches in their wills (JJ Scarisbrick)
- book burnings (first one 1521) to destroy Luther’s work
- Asserto Septum Sacramentorum
what are seven signs the church was not healthy before the split?
- pluralism
- absenteeism
- symony
- monastic corruption and breaking of vows
- John Colet outspoken against abuses
- Simon Fish’s ‘supplication against the beggars’ attacking the clergy
- White horse inn group at cambridge
all the legislation of the 1529-1534 parliament?
1529:
- parliament encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings, particularly pluralism and absenteeism
1530:
- revival of the law of praemenurie
- 15 members of the upper clergy charged
1531:
- entire clergy charged with praemenurie (for supporting Wolsey as papal legate)
- convocations paid (Canterbury = 100,000 York = 18,000)
1532:
- supplication against the ordinaries (ordinary clergy), a petition is presented to Henry to look into abuses in the church suggesting this is a role for Henry and not the Pope
- the submission of the clergy: Henry can veto church laws and appointments
- act in restraint of annates: payments made to the pope by the upper clergy when appointed no longer leaves England, cutting financial ties
1533:
- Henry and Anne secretly married
- act in restraint of appeals: appeals now managed by the English not Roman courts, Cranmer draws together the ‘satis copiosa’ which was a collection of evidence to say Catherine could not appeal to Rome regarding Henry and Anne’s marriage)
1534:
- act of supremacy: parliament does not grant it, just confirms its pre-existence so they cannot revoke it, constitutional change
- treasons act: anyone calling Henry a heretic/usurper could be charged with treason
- act of succession, Mary made illegitimate and Elizabeth became heir to the throne
what are the seven points of the act of ten articles?
- bible as the basis of faith
- only two sacraments mentioned
- prayers for the dead are permitted but declared ineffective
- belief in transubstantiation
- justification by good works and faith
- images/icons are permitted but worshipping them is forbidden
- saints can be worshipped but not excessively
what happened in 1535?
Valour Ecclesiasticus
- visitations of the monasteries to carry out a survey of church wealth ordered by Cromwell
- around 950 monasteries at the time
- visitations carried out by Legh and Layton
- in one day they claimed to visit two monasteries over 200 miles apart
who led the pilgrimage of grace?
Robert Aske
a lawyer
what are four demands from the pilgrimage of grace?
- head of the church must be reverted to the pope
- princess mary to be made legitimate
- Cromwell and Richard Rich to face sanctions
- Legh and Layton to face sanctions
what are the six points from the act of six articles?
- transubstantiation confirmed as the belief of the church
- only the priest may take the bread and wine at communion
- priests were not allowed to marry
- priests were required to keep their vow of chastity
- prayers for the souls of the dead were permitted
- confession to a priest was necessary
what were four reactions to the act of six articles?
- Cranmer: a reformer but accepts the act, sends his wife back to Germany in a box
- Latimer and Shaxton: reforming bishops who resign from their posts
- Cromwell: executed on the charge of not enforcing the act
- Anne of Askew: 1546, executed for denying transubstantiation, tortured on the rack and then burnt at the stake… very violent
when was the act for the advancement of true religion?
1543
when was the dissolution of the chantries?
1545
actually carried out in 1547 in the reign of Edward
who are two councillors Henry inherited from his father?
- William Warham, the old archbishop of canterbury
- Sir Thomas Lovell, chancellor of the exchequer
how did Wolsey reform the privy chamber?
- the 1526 Eltham Ordinances
- claimed this was to reform its finances
- he reduced its membership, replaced the groom of the stool with Henry Norris
also the Duke of Buckingham incident
- claimed it was overheard him imagining the death of the king
- he was imprisoned in the tower and executed in 1521
how many servants did Hampton Court have?
500
what were Wolsey’s three finance reforms?
1522: national tax assessment, first one since the Domesday book, inflation cancelled out any gains
1523: subsidy for all subjects, the nobility asked to provide extraordinary revenue if needed
1525: amicable grant
when and why did Wolsey carry out a debasement of coinage?
1526
- England’s opposition with Spain disrupted the cloth trade
- this caused widespread unemployment which coincided with harvest failure and price rises
- it stimulated exports but contributed to inflation
what dates was More Lord Chancellor from?
1529-1534
what is Elton’s argument that there was a constitutional revolution in parliament and the response to it?
Elton’s Argument:
- Henry became the Head of the Church as well as the state, this gave him authority over Church appointments, taxation and doctrine
- Royal authority was extended at this time to the regions and Wales (this is sometimes referred to as having spiritual and temporal power)
The Response:
- Henry already had influence in significant areas of the Church such as appointments (the monarch usually chose new Archbishops and so on and the Pope simply confirmed the choice, kind of in the way the King now confirms things but can’t really say no)
- This is seen when Warham died in 1532, Henry chose Thomas Cranmer who was a reformer who favoured the annulment and yet the Pope still confirmed this!
- This suggests the crown’s power over the church already
what is Elton’s argument that there was a political revolution and the response to it?
Elton’s argument:
- the ‘King AND parliament’ became the ‘King IN parliament’
- the importance of parliament grew as the 1529-34 reformation parliament legislated so much during the break with Rome (act against annates, the first fruit and tenths, the act against appeals and the supremacy treasons)
- Following this there was further doctrinal legislation such as the Act of 10 (1536) and the Act of 6 (1539) – so the scope of legislation broadened
- The composition of the Lords would also change as the ‘old guard’ Catholic bishops felt at threat from the changes
The response:
- Parliament developed because the king needed its support
- It was still working FOR the King who remained in control
- E.g. parliament DID NOT grant Henry the Supremacy – they simply confirmed he was already the Supreme Head
- Elizabeth I had 13 parliaments in 44 years whereas Henry VII had 9 parliaments – this doesn’t suggest much of a revolution
What is Elton’s argument that there was a bureaucratic revolution and the response to it?
Elton’s argument:
- The Privy Council emerged as the main engine of government
- The role of the Principal Secretary (Cromwell) developed as opposed to the Lord Chancellor
- Specialised government departments developed such as the Court of Augmentations, Council of Wales in 1536, the Council of Wardship and the Court of the First Fruit and Tenths
The response:
- The government remained personal and reflected the interests of the monarchy
- Some specialisation had already taken place in the mediaeval era and under HVII or prior to Cromwell e.g. Wolsey developed the Court of Star Chamber
- Of course you need new departments when new things arrive, but this is just adapting not a revolution
what were Cromwell’s five roles?
- principal secretary
- chancellor of the exchequer
- master of the rolls
- vicegerent of the church
- lord privy seal
what four institutions did Cromwell create alongside the privy chamber to deal with finances?
- Court of Augmentations: to deal with monastic wealth
- Court of General Surveyors: to deal with ex-monastic land
- Court of First Fruits and Tenths: to collect money previously sent to Rome
- Court of Wards: to collect money from the estate of a minor
what was the dynamic at court from 1540-1547?
Catholics in charge:
- act of six articles
- execution of Cromwell
- marriage to Catholic Catherine Howard
Catholics fall out of favour:
- Catherine committed adultery and executed 1542
- Cranmer put in charge of his own investigation and stays close to the king
- bishop gardiner’s power in decline
Reformers dominate:
- Catherine Parr married Henry in 1543
- gathered reformist scholars at court and influenced education of Edward and Elizabeth
- reformist Anthony Denny in control of the dry stamp and made chief gentlemen of the kings privy chamber
what was the regency council?
- to be made up of 16 men
- reformists dominated
- Edward’s uncle, Somerset emerged as leader
- appointed Lord Protector three days after Henry’s death
- he promoted his own men to the council
