Missy Lecture

Question 1

What is the function of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Maintain homeostasis

Question 2

Difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

Answer 2

Exocrine- secrete outside the body, have ducts, ex. Sweat, salivary, liver
Endocrine- secrete inside the body, ductless, ex. Thyroid, Gonads, adrenal, pituitary

Question 3

Characteristics of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

Region in the brain
Primary link between endocrine and nervous system
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones
Produces ADH and Oxytocin

Question 4

Characteristics of the pineal gland

Answer 4

Synthesizes melatonin, regulates sleep/wake cycle

Question 5

Characteristics of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 5

Secretes GH, TSH, ATCH, MSH, FSH, LH, PRL

Question 6

Characteristics of the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 6

Secretes and stores but does not produce ADH and Oxytocin

Question 7

Characteristics of the thyroid gland

Answer 7

Increases metabolic rate
Secretes thyroxine, T3, T4
Iodine is important component of thyroxine
Secretes calcitonin in response to high calcium serum levels

Question 8

Characteristics of the parathyroid glands

Answer 8

Secretes parathyroid hormone PTH when calcium serum levels are low

Question 9

Characteristics of the thymus gland

Answer 9

Secretes thymosin to stimulate the immune system
Located behind the sternum
T-lymphocytes evolve from stem cells in the thymus

Question 10

Characteristics of the adrenal glands

Answer 10

Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol in response to stress and aldosterone in response to low BP
Adrenal Medulla secretes catecholamines and stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose

Question 11

Characteristics of the pancreas

Answer 11

Alpha cells produced glucagon with low BG
Beta cells produce insulin with high BG
Delta sells produce somatostatin to signal insulin and glucagon inhibition to slow nutrient absorption
Considered both an exocrine and endocrine gland

Question 12

Name the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas

Answer 12

Exocrine - Acinus - digestive juices

Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans

Question 13

Characteristics of the gonads

Answer 13

Male- Testosterone (androgens)

Female- estrogen (signals LH) and progesterone

Question 14

Describe type I diabetes

Answer 14

IDDM, no insulin is produced, Child onset

Question 15

Describe type II diabetes

Answer 15

NIDDM, insulin resistance or ineffective, “adult onset”

Question 16

Describe gestational diabetes

Answer 16

Placenta produces hormones that inhibit the function of insulin
Usually diagnosed after 28 weeks (3rd trimester)
Glucose intolerance during pregnancy

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 17

ALOC, pale, cool, diaphoretic, seizure, agitated

Question 18

Treatment of hypoglycemia

Answer 18

Oral glucose if gag intact
IV D50 25g
1 mg glucagon IM if no IV access
Turn off insulin pump

Question 19

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia or DKA

Answer 19

DLOC, fruity breath, Kussmaul’s respirations, tachycardia, N/V/D, dehydration, seizure
3 P’s = polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 20

Treatment of DKA

Answer 20

Hydration, insulin, electrolyte replacement, EKG monitor for peaked T waves, wide QRS, sine waves

Question 21

What is HONK

Answer 21

Hyperosmolar non-Ketotic Coma
Similar to DKA except for lack of key tones
Commonly caused by infections or severe dehydration

Question 22

Treatment for hyperglycemia

Answer 22

Fluids, treat acidosis, treat shock, treat underlying cause

Question 23

The Adrenal gland disorders

Answer 23

Addison’s disease - aldosterone deficiency, glucocorticoid deficiency
Cushing’s syndrome- excessive cortisol production

Question 24

Hyperthyroid disorders

Answer 24

Graves’ disease- goiter, exophthalmos, most severe

Hashimoto’s- effects TSH receptors

Question 25

Hypothyroid disorders

Answer 25

Myxedema coma -physiologic manifestations of longterm hypothyroid Thyrotoxicosis - triggered by a stressful event increasing volume of thyroid hormones in circulation

Question 26

What is panhypopituitarism?

Answer 26

An inadequate production of any pituitary hormones | ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, ADH

Question 27

What is ACTH, what is it produced by and what is the target tissue?

Answer 27

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Anterior Pituitary gland Adrenal gland

Question 28

What is TSH, what is it produced by, and what is it target tissue?

Answer 28

Thyroid stimulating hormone Anterior pituitary Thyroid

Question 29

What is LH, FSH and PRL, what is it produced by, and what is its target tissue?

Answer 29

Leutinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin Produced by the anterior pituitary Testes and ovaries

Question 30

What is GH, what is it produced by, and what is the target tissue

Answer 30

Growth hormone Anterior pituitary Bones and muscle and other various cells

Question 31

What is a ADH, what is it produced by and what is the target tissue

Answer 31

Antidiuretic hormone Hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior pituitary The kidney

Question 32

What is oxytocin produced by and what is the target tissue?

Answer 32

Produced by the hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior pituitary Breasts lactation and uterine contractions

Question 33

How does calcitonin work?

Answer 33

Secreted when calcium levels are high Stimulates osteoblasts tubes or calcium Stimulate kidneys to absorb and secrete excess calcium Decrease calcium uptake in G.I. tract

Question 34

How does parathyroid hormone work

Answer 34

``` Secreted when calcium levels are low Antagonist to calcitonin Decreases calcium released in urine Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood Increases calcium uptake in G.I. tract ```

Question 35

Typical pathologies caused by diabetes

Answer 35

``` Kidney failure Neuropathy Retinopathy CVA's ACS ```

Question 36

Common oral diabetes medications

Answer 36

Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glyburide, Metformin (Glucophage),

Question 37

Why is it necessary to differentiate between CVA S&Sy and hypoglycemia S&Sy?

Answer 37

A rapid infusion of glucose to a patient experiencing a CVA could exacerbate cerebral damage, especially if it is a hemorrhagic stroke

Question 38

Why do patients with hyperglycemia have polyuria?

Answer 38

the high solute concentration of the blood causes osmotic diuresis and can lead to dehydration and shock

Question 39

What EKG rhythms may you see in a patient with hyperglycemia

Answer 39

tachycardia (dehydration) Peaked T waves, wide QRS, sine wave (electrolyte imbalances) Treat with Ca++Cl- and albuterol

Question 40

Characteristic effects of HONK

Answer 40

Severe dehydration, AMI, Neurological changes, signs of infection

Question 41

Common causes of pancreatitis

Answer 41

alcohol abuse and gall stones

Question 42

S&Sy of pancreatitis

Answer 42

Flank or epigastric Px increases when supine, tachycardia, fever and jaundice

Question 43

Primary adrenal insufficiency a.k.a

Answer 43

Addison disease | Atrophy or destruction of the adrenals leading to a deficiency in all of the steroid hormones

Question 44

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 44

Lack of ACTH secreted by the pituitary | Can because by a patients who abruptly stop taking corticosteroids

Question 45

Typical characteristics of Cushings syndrome

Answer 45

hyperglycemia, moon face, buffalo hump, thin skin, excessive facial hair, scalp hair loss

Question 46

Common characteristics of diabetes insipidus

Answer 46

Kidneys are unable to function properly and there may be a lack of ADH Dehydration or water toxicity, hyponatremia