Mistakes Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
bronchiectasis can be caused by what disease
A
lung cancer due to small airway obstruction causing abnormal dilatation of airways
2
Q
reserve volume
A
can be forcibly exhaled
3
Q
residual volume
A
cannot be exhaled
4
Q
alveolar ventilation calculated by
A
TV-DS x RR
5
Q
Normal PaCo2
A
4.8-6.0kPa (40mmHg)
6
Q
Normal PaO2
A
20.5-13.5kPa (100mmHg)
7
Q
Tidal volume goes mostly to which part of lungs and why
A
base because compliance is greatest there
8
Q
peripheral eosinophilia is indicative of what
A
atopy
9
Q
secondary bacterial infection after flu is due to
A
damage to mucociliary escalator
10
Q
alveolar hyperventilation causes
A
type 2 resp failure as not enough CO2 is being diffused out
11
Q
treatment of bronchiolitis
A
no medical treatment only management eg oxygen or fluid
12
Q
which is most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
13
Q
what organism is a cause of LRTIs in COPD
A
moraxella catarrhalis
14
Q
pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by
A
underlying heart or lung disease. rarely idiopathic
15
Q
alkalosis causes haemoglobin to
A
hold onto O2 more
16
Q
acidosis causes haemoglobin to
A
release O2 more (lowers affinity)
17
Q
atypical organisms can be treated with what for pneumonia
A
macrolide eg clarithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole
18
Q
lung compliance is (not just stretchability)
A
change in lung volume for any given change in transpulmonary pressure
19
Q
what chemical is produced by red blood cells under stress eg during hypoxic conditions
A
2.3DPG. causes more oxygen release
20
Q
carboxyhaemoglobin is
A
carbon monoxide binding to haemoglobin and displaces oxygen
21
Q
volume of blood in pulmonary circulation compared to systemic circulation is
A
the same
22
Q
normally intrapleural pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure
A
less than
23
Q
what percentage of oxygen carried by haemoglobin is used by tissues at rest
A
25
24
Q
which has a higher %sat of oxygen for any PO2- foetal or adult haemoglobin
A
foetal
25
radical cancer treatment is
treatment intent to cure
26
nitrous oxide is not a good treatment for COPD why
blunts the peripheral chemoreceptors response to falling oxygen
27
shunt is
when perfusion exceeds ventilation in L/min
28
decrease in PCO2 shifts curve to
left
29
increase in PCO2 shifts curve to
right
30
spirometry pattern for obstructive
FEV1/FVC decreased as only FEV1 decreases
31
spirometry pattern for restrictive
FEV1/FVC increases or normal as FEV1 and FVC decreases
32
exhaustion and decreased ventilation leads to
hypercapnia, hypoxia, acidosis
33
surfactant production is when
25-36 weeks of gestation. 36 is sufficient
34
pleural exudate is confirmed if
pleural protein: serum protein ratio >0.5, between 25-35g/L, pleural LDH>0.66 of upper limit of serum LDH
35
what are used as conduits for CABG
internal thoracic artery and great saphenous vein. internal mammary and radial can too
36
ECG change for heart block
increased PR interval
37
stroke volume at rest
75ml per beat
38
cardiac output of adult
3-5L/min
39
low protein levels in serum will cause a
low capillary oncotic pressure so poor fluid retention and reabsorption
40
what can happen if overly rapid correction of BP in hypertensive emergencies
precipitate ischaemic events so aim to lower BP by 10-20% within 1 hour then 160/100 over next 6 hours
41
troponin levels rise in
any disease that places stress on heart not just ACS
42
QT interval is
time between ventricular depolarisation and ventricular repolarisation so length of ventricular action potential so same length of the contraction evoked and therefore the duration of systole
43
capillaries have or do not have smooth muscle
do not
44
amiodarone
class III antiarrhythmic that blocks potassium channels that allow repolarisation of heart
45
when are roth spots seen
IE
46
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
A1AT deficiency is a co-dominant genetic disorder, that presents with dyspnoea and a chronic cough. The lack of A1AT enables neutrophil elastase to break down elastin in the lungs causing emphysema which especially affects the lower lobes.
47
organism most commonly implicated in bronchiolitis
respiratory syncytial virus
48
organism most commonly implicated in croup
parainfluenza virus 1
49
organism most commonly implicated in epiglottitus
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
50
right to left shunts are
truncus arteriosus, transposition of great vessels, tricuspid atresia, teratology of fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous return
51
left to right shunts
ASD, PDA, VSD
52
what does low HCO3 indicate
metabolic acidosis
53
myasthenia gravis is
chronic autoimmune condition characterised by muscle fatiguability, will show a restrictive picture on spirometry, slurred speech,
54
pirfenidone is used for what
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
55
rusty brown sputum is associated with what
streptococcus pneumoniae
56
pfizer and moderna use what kind of method
mRNA
57
astrazeneca uses what method
attenuated SARS-COV2 virus
58
arterioles are
resistance vessels
59
veins are
capacitance vessels
60
arterioles are controlled by
sympathetic nerves
61
colliquative necrosis is
breakdown of tissue to liquid (occurs in brain after infarction)
62
coagulative necrosis is
architectures of dead tissue are preserved for a few days post infarction
63
key cells in resp system's innate immune system
macrophages
64
baroreceptors do what
sense pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall. The baroreflex mechanism causes increase in sympathetic outflow when their is a decrease in baroreceptors firing
65
test for TB (not diagnostic)
alcohol acid fast bacilli
66
dresslers syndrome is
inflammation of the pericardium due to immune response following damage to the heart tissue or pericardium
67
malignancy is an important differential for
pericarditis
68
heart failure on an ECG acronym
```
ABCDE
alveolar oedema
Kerley B lines
Cardiomegaly
Dilated upper lobe vessels
pleural effusion
```
69
treatment for NSTEMI or unstable angina
```
BATMAN
beta blockers
aspirin
ticagrelor or clopidogrel
morphine
ace inhibitors
nitrates
```
70
treatment for STEMI
```
MONABASH C
morphine
oxygen
nitrates
aspirin
beta blockers
ace inhibitors
statins
heparin
calcium channel blockers
```
71
treatment for chronic HF
```
ABAL
ace inhibitor
beta blocker
ARB
loop diuretic
NO BETA BLOCKERS FOR ACUTE HF UNLESS STABLE
```
72
treatment for acute left ventricular failure
```
Pour SOD
pour out fluids
sit up
oxygen
diuretics (thiazide)
```
73
treatment for acute COPD in hospital
```
ISOAP
ipratropium
salbutamol
oxygen
amoxicillin
prednisolone
```
74
you do not have to treat what illnesses
acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, influenza, pneumothorax sometimes, acute sarcoidosis sometimes
75
aortic stenosis sign
slow rising pulse and ejection systolic
76
aortic regurgitation signs
collapsing pulse and early diastolic murmur
77
CHADS VASC score is
```
congestive HF
Hypertension
Age over 65
Diabetes
Stroke / TIA/ thromboembolism
Vascular heart disease
Sex (female)
```
78
action potential is ___ in skeletal muscle and _____ in cardiac muscle
long, short
79
how is a rise in blood pressure compensated for
releasing acetylcholine from the vagus nerve acting on muscarinic receptors and also venodilation and block of sympathetic
80
arterioles structure
relatively narrow lumen and strong muscular wall
81
pousielles law says
radius of vessel has effect on resistance
82
resting membrane potential is due to
leaky K channels which allow K to flow out down their conc grad
83
the depolarisation phase is due to
opening of voltage gated sodium channels causing a rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell
84
the plateau phase is due to
opening of L type voltage gated calcium channels and closure of some leaky K channels
85
repolarisation phase is due to
closing of the L type voltage gated calcium channels
86
how to find HR from ECG
number of large squares between R waves divided by 300
87
what controls afterload
noradrenaline and adrenaline acting on alpha 1 receptors of smooth muscle surrounding arterioles. it is the TPR
88
stable angina treatment
GTN, 4 As atenolol, aspirin, atorvastatin, ACEi
89
stage 2 hypertension
160/100
90
stage 3 hypertension
180/120
91
treatment of DVT
low molecular weight heparin, DOACs, provoked DVT with reversible factors only on for 3 months but if irreversible or unprovoked then 3-6 months or life long depending. thrombolysis if severe but need to be loaded with warfarin if so
92
down syndrome causes mainly
atrioventricular septal and other heart septal defects
93
noonan syndrome is associated
pulmonary stenosis and septal defects
94
shprintzen syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome is associated with
tetralogy of fallot
95
williams syndrome is associated with
supravalvular aortic stenosis
96
Turner syndrome is associated with
coarctation of aorta
97
arterial thromboembolism signs
sudden and very severe pain, not exertional
98
what causes hepatomegaly
cor pulmonale and tricuspid regurgitation
