Mistakes

Question 1

What finding would be likely in a full blood count from a woman who had a hemorrhage 6 hours ago?

Answer 1

Neutrophilia

After a hemorrhage, neutrophils are released from the marginal pool to the circulating pool.

Question 2

What type of exocrine glands are mammary glands

Answer 2

Compound acinar, duct with multiple duct branches

Question 3

Define selection bias

Answer 3

Study sample does not reflect the entire population or when the groups in the study are not comparable

Question 4

what type of epithelium lines the mouth

Answer 4

stratified squamous epi

Question 5

what is a cohort study

Answer 5

clinical research study in which people who presently have a certain condition or receive a particular treatment are follower over time and compared with another group of people who are not affected by the condition

Question 6

inequity vs inequality

Answer 6

inequity = unfair avoidable differences
inequality = observable differences between subgroups

Question 7

NCX normal

Answer 7

3 sodium ions in, 1 calcium ion out

Question 8

salivary glands

Answer 8

parotid - mostly serous acini
submandibular - mostly serous, some mucous
sublingual - mostly mucous

serous = DARK IN COLOUR, 
MUCUS = PALER IN COLOUR

Question 9

how much of the RMP is attributable to electrogenic activity of Na-K pump

Answer 9

-5 to -10 mV

Question 10

different types of stigma

Answer 10

discreditable = not seen e.g. HIV
discredited = seen, sets them apart e.g. physical
felt = fear of enacted stigma --> selective concealment
enacted = ACTUAL experience of prejudice

Question 11

which explanation of inequalities are there and which one is MOST PLAUSIBLE

Answer 11

most plausible = materialist (inequalities in health arise from differential access to material resources)

BLACK REPORT: artefact, social selection, behavioural-cultural, materialist

psychosocial and income distribution

Question 12

what is an ecological study

Answer 12

divide sample into groups based on certain characteristics and then assessing prevalence of a disorder in each group

Question 13

orthosteric vs allosteric

Answer 13

orthosteric = binds to same binding site
allosteric = binds to other binding site

Question 14

characteristics of purkinje fibres (3)

Answer 14

lots of glycogen
few myofibrils
many gap junctions

Question 15

recall bias

which type of study is most immune

Answer 15

one group of individuals are more likely to remember certain events about their history compared to another group
which type of study is most immune = ecological

Question 16

order of lymph drainage

Answer 16

TF, lymphatic capillary, vessel, node, trunk, duct, VEIN

Question 17

recall bias

Answer 17

one group of individuals are more likely to remember certain events about their history compared to another group

Question 18

define agency (a criticism of the concept of the sick role)

Answer 18

the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices

Question 19

amino acids with aromatic Side chains

Answer 19

tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine

Question 20

how does botulinum toxin exert its effects

Answer 20

inhibits release of ACh into neuromuscular junction by cleaving SNARE proteins and preventing vesicle fusion

Question 21

how does water pass through aquaporins

Answer 21

facilitated diffusion

Question 22

what is a case control study

Answer 22

select individuals based on their outcomes and then assess whether the individuals in each had been exposed to a variable
RETRospective

Question 23

what originates from ectoderm

Answer 23

CNS and epidermis of skin

Question 24

thyroid hormone receptor type

Answer 24

nuclear receptor (remember that it regulates gene transcription)

Question 25

how does myelin sheath increase conduction velocity

Answer 25

increase membrane resistance (decrease no of open ion channels) decrease membrane capacitance (store energy)

Question 26

fat soluble vitamins (4) and give example of a water soluble vitamin

Answer 26

fat - KADE | water - C

Question 27

concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and out of the cell

Answer 27

Na+ = 12 in, 145 out Cl- = 4.2 in, 123 out sodium and calcium always have higher conc outside cell, potassium is the opposite K+ = 155 in, 4.5 out

Question 28

which postsynaptic receptors would be activated at parasympathetic target organs during SLUDGE massive discharge

Answer 28

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Question 29

2 drugs to treat SLUDGE

Answer 29

atropine, pralidoxime (anti-cholinergic agents)

Question 30

what is a cross sectional study

Answer 30

observes a define population at a single point in time. exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously

Question 31

which hepatic enzyme metabolises codeine

Answer 31

CYP2D6

Question 32

xeroderma pigmentosum, which dna repair mechanism is defective

Answer 32

nucleotide excision repair

Question 33

what type of receptor is found at the motor end plate of the NMJ in skeletal muscle (therefore affected in myasthenia graves by autoantibodies)

Answer 33

nicotinic ACh receptors

Question 34

What would you see in non infective exacerbation of asthma (severe and acute)

Answer 34

Eosinophilia

Question 35

Alkaline phosphates is high if there is

Answer 35

Increased bone turnover

Question 36

What type of hormone is aldosterone

Answer 36

Steroid hormone