Mitochondria

Question 1

Mitochondrion structure

Answer 1

-Only organelle with 2 membranes
-super complex system

Question 2

Mitochondrion function

Answer 2

-where the metabolism is rewired
-NADH to NAD+ and FADH2 to FAD (oxidized) create a proton gradient which support complex 5 protein for converting ADP to ATP the cells needs to perform its duties

Question 3

Outer membrane of mitochondrion

Answer 3

Freely permeable to small molecules and ions

Question 4

Inner membrane of mitochondrion

Answer 4

Impermeable to most small molecules and ions including H+

Question 5

Inner membrane of mitochondrion contains…

Answer 5

-respiratory electron carriers (complex 1-5)
-ADP-ATP translocase
-ATP synthase
-other membrane transporters

Question 6

Matrix of mitochondrion contains…

Answer 6

-Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
-citric acid cycle enzymes
-fatty acid beta oxidation enzymes
-amino acid oxidation enzymes
-dna and ribosomes
-many other enzymes
-ATP, ADP, Pi, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+
-many soluble intermediates

Question 7

Which parts of the body requires the most mitochondria?

Answer 7

Heart and muscle

Question 8

Mitochondria is everywhere except…

Answer 8

Red blood (erythrocytes) cells because they use glycolysis

Question 9

Why does the mitochondria have double layer membrane?

Answer 9

When undergoing oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the mitochondria is under a lot of pressure and stress

Question 10

What happens when the mitochondria is too stressed?

Answer 10

Releases free radicals

Question 11

What determines the direction of specific metabolic processes?

Answer 11

The redox state of the body
(NADH & FADH2)

Question 12

TCA cycle function

Answer 12

Everything goes into the mitochondria to be rewired/oxidized and convert (via TCA cycle) to nutrients the body (ex. Purines, fatty acids, sterols, pyrimidines) needs to maintain homeostasis

Question 13

TCA cycle function from an energy-generating perspective?

Answer 13

Oxidize acteyl-CoA to two molecules of CO2–> generates 1 GTP to be converted to ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2a

Question 14

Oxygen in the mitochondria

Answer 14

-oxygen is converted to H2O: impacts the mitochondria function in specific parts of the body
-would be dangerous if there was no oxygen available
-it is the limiting factor in oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

What forms free radicals?
(Which leads to DNA damage)

Answer 15

Outside sources:
-radiation
-smoking
-air pollution
-UV light

Inside sources:
-metabolism (mitochondria)
-inflammation (white blood cell)