Mitochondria

Question 1

Role of Acetyl-CoA in Krebs cycle

Answer 1

Keeps krebs cycle going to generate NADH and FADH2

Question 2

What is complex I

Answer 2

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 3

What is complex II

Answer 3

Succinate dehydrogenase

Question 4

What is complex III

Answer 4

Ubiquinone- cytochrome C reductase

Question 5

What is complex IV

Answer 5

Cytochrome c oxidase

Question 6

What is technically complex v

Answer 6

ATP synthase

Question 7

What are the small handlers of electrons in ETC

Answer 7

Ubiquinone, semiquinone, ubiquinol and cytC

Question 8

Where are ATP synthases localised>

Answer 8

Cristae ridges (dimer rows)

Question 9

Where are the proton pumps of ETC localted?

Answer 9

Membrane regions on either side of dimer rows of the cristae

Question 10

What are caspases?

Answer 10

Cysteine aspartate proteases

Question 11

What are the initator capsases

Answer 11

Caspase 9 and 8

Question 12

What are effector caspases

Answer 12

Caspase 3 and 7

Question 13

What are caspases activated by

Answer 13

Molecular crowding and proteolysis

Question 14

What pathways is apoptosis triggered by

Answer 14

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 15

CytC undergoes what following MOMP

Answer 15

Release of cytC following mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation

Question 16

What does BCL-2 protein family control

Answer 16

Formation of pore in outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 17

What caspase is involved in the intrinsitc apoptopic pathway?

Answer 17

Caspase 9

Question 18

What is mitophagy?

Answer 18

Selective elimination of mitochondria through autophagy

Question 19

Is mitophagy ubiquitin dependent?

Answer 19

Yes but it doesn’t have to be

Question 20

What are primary mitochondrial disorders?

Answer 20

Hetergeneous group of disorders by mutations in genes coding for the mitochondiral respiratory chain and related proteins

Question 21

What occurs on a molecular level of primary mitochondrial disorders?

Answer 21

Low ATP production leafs to lactic acidosis

Question 22

What is the most common mitochondiral inherited disease?

Answer 22

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

Question 23

What is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy caused by?

Answer 23

Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells ccausing acute central vision loss.

Question 24

What mtDNA mutations cause Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy?

Answer 24

ND1, ND4 and ND6 genes encoding complex I subunits

Question 25

What are retinal ganglion cells sensitive to

Answer 25

Increased reactibe oxygen species following complex I dysfunction

Question 26

What is Kearn-Sayre Syndrome caused by?

Answer 26

Deletions of large fragments of mtDNA

Question 27

Symptoms of Kearn-Sayre syndrome?

Answer 27

Limited eye movement and eyelid droop. Hearing loss, cardiac conduction defects

Question 28

What are the symptoms of ragged muscle fibre syndromes?

Answer 28

Myopathy, arrythmias, hearing and vision loss, dementia

Question 29

What mutation causes ragged muscle fibre syndromes

Answer 29

Defective mtDNA genome translation

Question 30

What is an example of secondary mitchondrial disorders?

Answer 30

Sporafic Parkinson's disease (complex I impairement)