Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Flashcards
How did mitochondria and chloroplast originate?
From the endosymbiosis of bacterium.
What do mitochondria convert into ATP?
Chemical energy
What do chloroplast convert to ATP?
Light energy
What is a proton gradient?
An imbalance in proton concentration.
Can protons flow through the membrane?
No, they pass through mitochondrial ATPase.
What forces the conversion of ATP to ADP+Pi in mitochondria?
The flow of protons through ATPase.
Where is chlorophyll found?
The thylakoids.
What do plant cells use high energy electrons for?
Anabolic processes
What fuels the conversion of C02 to carbohydrates in chloroplasts?
ATP and NADH.
What can the sugars formed in the chloroplast be used for?
The citric acid cycle or stored starch.
What is mitochondrial fission?
The splitting of one mitochondria into two daughter mitochondria.
What happens if there is an issue in the mitochondria?
Mitophagy
What does the degradation of mitochondria lead to?
Apoptosis
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
The have an outer and inner membrane, the latter folded to create the cristae. The inner membrane is surrounded by the matrix. The outer membrane has many porins. The intermembrane space and cytoplasm have the same pH. The matrix side of the mitochondria is negative whereas the cristae side is positive.
What is the structure of the chloroplast?
It has a very permeable outer membrane and a less permeable inner membrane. The inner membrane is surrounded by the stroma which is the site of ATP synthesis and contains DNA and RNA. The thylakoid membrane contains the electron transfer chain and ATP synthase. The thylakoid membrane is highly folded into discs (grana). The lumen of one thylakoid is connected to another thylakoid and this creates the thylakoid space.
