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MITOSIS Flashcards

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1
Q

“Where a cell exists, there must have been a pre-existing cell, just as the animal arise only from an animal.”— name and year

A

Rudolf Virchow, 1855

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2
Q

Omnis cellula e cellula

A

every cell from a cell

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3
Q

The continuity of life based on the reproduction of cells

A

cell division

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4
Q

Functions of cell division

A
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. tissue renewal
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5
Q

example of asexual reproduction

A

amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote

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6
Q

example of growth and development

A

sand dollar embryo

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7
Q

example of tissue renewal

A

bone marrow cells

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8
Q

the cell division process is an integral part of—

A

cell cycle

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9
Q

the life of a cell from the time it is first formed during division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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10
Q

why do biologists use the words sister/daughter in relation to cells

A

there is no relation

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11
Q

crucial function of cell division

A

passing identical genetic material to cellular offspring

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12
Q

reproduction of cell involves…

A

distribution of identical genetic material-DNA-to two daughter cells

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13
Q

a cell’s DNA, it’s genetic information is called

A

genome

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14
Q

in a typical human cell, what is the length of DNA, and about how many times is it greater than its diameter?

A

2 meters; 250,000 times greater

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15
Q

greek words and their meanings of “chromosomes” and the reason behind it

A

chroma - “color”
soma- “body”
reason: they take up certain dyes used in microscopy.

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16
Q

building material of chromosomes

A

chromatin

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17
Q

a eukaryotic chromosome consists of ________ associated with many ______.

A

one very long, linear DNA; proteins

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18
Q

the units of information that specify an organism’s inherited traits

A

genes

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19
Q

true or false: The DNA molecule carries several hundred to a few thousand genes.

A

true

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20
Q

functions of associated proteins of the chromosomes

A

maintains the structure and help control the activity of the genes

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21
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

all body cells except the reproductive cells

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22
Q

the nuclei of a human somatic cells contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

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23
Q

these cells have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

gametes (reproductive cells)

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24
Q

how many chromosomes (somatic) are there in a

  • cabbage plants
  • chimpanzees
  • elephants
  • hedgehogs
  • alga
A 
respectively; 
18
48
56
90
148
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25
when a cell is not dividing, each chromosome is in the form of..
a long, thin chromatin fiber
26
after DNA replication, the chromosomes...
condense
27
each duplicated chromosome consists of ____ which are joined ___
two sister chromatids; copies of the original chromosome.
28
protein complexes that attaches two identical DNA all along their length _____ - this attachment is called __
cohesins; sister chromatid cohesion
29
a region made up of repetitive sequence in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatids
centromere
30
other bound proteins condense the DNA, giving the duplicated chromosome a
narrow “waist”
31
the portion of a chromatid to either side of centromere is referred to as an
arm of the chromatid
32
the division of the genetic material in the nucleus
mitosis
33
division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
34
meiosis occurs only in
special cells in the ovaries or testes (gonads)
35
this process fuses two gametes together and returns 23 chromosomes into 46 again
fertilization
36
He developed dyes that allowed him to observe the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis and what year did he develop this
Walther Flemming, 1882
37
what terms did Flemming coin?
mitosis, chromatin
38
shortest part of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
mitotic (M) phase
39
the mitotic phase alternates with a much longer stage called _______ which often accounts for about 90% of the cycle
interphase
40
Interphase can be divided into 3 phases namely
G1 phase (“first gap”), S phase (“synthesis”), G2 phase (“second gap”)
41
a cell grows by producing...
proteins and cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria and ER
42
duplication of chromosomes, crucial for eventual division, occurs entirely in what phase?
S phase
43
matching type (G1, S, G2 or M phase) 1. grows more as it completes preparations for cell division 2. divides 3. continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes 4. a cell grows
1. G2 2. M 3. S 4. G1
44
M phase would occupy how many hours?
1 hour or less
45
S phase would occupy how many hours?
10-12 hours/half of the cycle
46
G2 phase would occupy how many hours?
4-6 hours
47
The phase that is the most variable in length in different types of cells
G1 phase
48
G1 phase would occupy how many hours?
5-6 hours
49
stages of mitosis:
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
50
consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins; many of the events of mitosis depend on this
mitotic spindle
51
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope
prophase
52
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell
metaphase
53
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the nuclear envelope fragments
prometaphase
54
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly by the lengthening microtubules between them.
prophase
55
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - a nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus.
G2 phase
56
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - nucleoli reappers
telophase
57
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - shortest stage of mitosis, lasting only a few minutes
anaphase
58
a plane that is equidistant between the spindle’s two poles; where the chromosomes’ centromeres lie
metaphase plate
59
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the chromosomes have arrived at the metaphase plate
metaphase
60
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the cell elongates as the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen
anaphase
61
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the chromosomes become less condensed
telophase
62
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - a kinetochore has now formed at the centromere of each chromatid
prometaphase
63
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
G2 phase
64
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the chromosomes have become even more condensed
prometaphase
65
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - by the end of this, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes
anaphase
66
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - any remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized
telophase
67
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the nucleoli disappear
prophase
68
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - for each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles.
metaphase
69
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - mitosis is now complete
telophase
70
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - it begins when the cohesion proteins are cleaved. this allows the two sister chromatids of each pair to part suddenly. each chromatid thus becomes an independent chromosome
anaphase
71
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - chromosomes, duplicated during the S phase, cannot be seen individually bc they have not yet condensed.
G2 phase
72
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming “kinetochore microtubules”which jerk the chromosomes back and forth
prometaphase
73
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - two centrosomes have formed by duplication of a single centrosome.
G2 phase
74
regions in animal cells that organize the microtubules of the spindle. each of this contains two ______
centrosomes; centrioles
75
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle lengthening the cell.
prometaphase
76
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres and in some species, all along their arms by cohesion
prophase
77
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nipuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent’s cell’s nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system
telophase
78
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the mitotic spindle begins to form. It is composed of the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them.
prophase
79
the radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes are called
asters (stars)
80
G2 PHASE, PROPHASE, PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, or TELOPHASE: - the two new daughter cells begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten. Bc these microtubules are attached at the centromere region, the centromeres are pulled ahead of the arms
anaphase
81
the spindle microtubules elongate (polymerize) by ___
incorporating more subunits of the protein tubulin
82
a subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules ( also a type of microtubule-organizing center)
centrosome
83
the spindle includes the
centrosomes, spindle microtubules, asters
84
a structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at each centromere.
kinetochore
85
true or false: the chromosomes’ two kinetochores face in the same direction
false; should be opposite
86
cohesins holding together the sister chromatids of each chromosome are cleaved by an enzyme called
separase

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS (1 decks)

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