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SCIENCE: BIOTECHNOLOGY > MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS > Flashcards

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two basic stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase and mitosis

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2
Q

what is the difference between M phase and interphase

A

in interphase the cell is growing and making DNA copies
in m phase the cell divides by separating its DNA and creates two new cells

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3
Q

what happens during the g1 phase

A

rapid growth

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4
Q

what happens during the g2 phase

A

manufacture of cell organelles and cell parts needed for cell division

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5
Q

what happens during the S phase

A

duplication of DNA

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6
Q

process of mitosis

A

(Interphase)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (Cytokinesis)

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7
Q

what is the process of the cell cycle

A

interphase: g1, s phase, g2
mitosis (PMAT)

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8
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

a single cell divides into two cells; the cytoplasm becomes separated

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9
Q

what are the two main checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

g1 checkpoint and g2 checkpoint (and spindle assembly)

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10
Q

what should you check for in g1

A

cell size
nutrients
growth factors
DNA damage

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11
Q

what should you check for in g2

A

cell size
DNA replication

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12
Q

what should you check for when spindle fibers assemble

A

chromosomes attaching to spindle

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13
Q

what does nuclear division mean

A

nuclear division happens in the nucleus

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14
Q

what does cytoplasmic division mean

A

division that happens in the rest of the cell

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15
Q

why does DNA exist as chromatin in interphase

A

it gives easier access to the protein

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16
Q

why does DNA condense during mitosis

A

the DNA becomes easier to separate

17
Q

what happens in prophase

A

nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes
threadlike spindle forms between the pair of centrioles
centrioles travel to opposite ends of the cell

18
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell (two sister chromosomes form double chromosomes)

19
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and are now considered 2 single chromosomes

20
Q

telophase

A

centrioles and spindle fibers begin to disappear
chromosomes turn back into the hard to see chromatin
nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-appear

21
Q

chromatin

A

loosely coiled DNA (only in non-dividing)

22
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly coiled DNA (only in mitosis)

23
Q

sister chromatids

A

exact copy of chromosomes

24
Q

centromere

A

location where chromosomes are attached

25
Q

kinetochore

A

protein that motor protein can grab

26
Q

centriole

A

made of microtubules arranged in perpendicular cylinders
found only in animal cells
migrate to opposing sides to make sure daughter cells get right amount of chromosomes

27
Q

mitotic spindle

A

rips chromosomes apart

28
Q

microtubules

A

helps develop the mitotic spindle

29
Q

what are the differences between plant and animal cell division

A

plants:
plants have cell walls
they don’t have centrioles to they attach to the cell wall
plants can’t pinch so they have to build a new cell wall to separate the new cells

animals:
humans are “squishy”
they have centrioles
humans only have to pinch in the middle during cytokinesis to separate the new cells

30
Q

what do some anti-cancer drugs target

A

kinetochore so they can’t separate the chromosomes

31
Q

what two things enable chromosomes to move toward the poles during anaphase

A

kinetochore and motor proteins

32
Q

mitosis in mitotic spindle

A

prophase: centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell=poles
spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
metaphase: centromere of sister chromatids are arranged to face opposite poles
chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell
anaphase: kinetochore microtubules shorten
motor protein move the chromosomes along the microtubules
non-kinetochore lengthen=cell elongates
telophase (end of nuclear division) cytokinesis (cell division)
spindle fibers break down

33
Q

how does cancer relate to the cell cycle

A

cancer develops when cells lose the ability to regulate their cell cycle

34
Q

what are hallmark characteristics of cancerous cells

A

immorality
lack of contact inhibition
loss of intended function

35
Q

what are proto-oncogenes and what does it do

A

they make proteins properly regulate their cycle and speeds up the cell division

36
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes and what does it do

A

they make tumor suppressor proteins that destroy cancerous cells and slows down cell division

SCIENCE: BIOTECHNOLOGY (3 decks)

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