MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Question 1

what are the two basic stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

interphase and mitosis

Question 2

what is the difference between M phase and interphase

Answer 2

in interphase the cell is growing and making DNA copies
in m phase the cell divides by separating its DNA and creates two new cells

Question 3

what happens during the g1 phase

Answer 3

rapid growth

Question 4

what happens during the g2 phase

Answer 4

manufacture of cell organelles and cell parts needed for cell division

Question 5

what happens during the S phase

Answer 5

duplication of DNA

Question 6

process of mitosis

Answer 6

(Interphase)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (Cytokinesis)

Question 7

what is the process of the cell cycle

Answer 7

interphase: g1, s phase, g2
mitosis (PMAT)

Question 8

what is cytokinesis

Answer 8

a single cell divides into two cells; the cytoplasm becomes separated

Question 9

what are the two main checkpoints in the cell cycle

Answer 9

g1 checkpoint and g2 checkpoint (and spindle assembly)

Question 10

what should you check for in g1

Answer 10

cell size
nutrients
growth factors
DNA damage

Question 11

what should you check for in g2

Answer 11

cell size
DNA replication

Question 12

what should you check for when spindle fibers assemble

Answer 12

chromosomes attaching to spindle

Question 13

what does nuclear division mean

Answer 13

nuclear division happens in the nucleus

Question 14

what does cytoplasmic division mean

Answer 14

division that happens in the rest of the cell

Question 15

why does DNA exist as chromatin in interphase

Answer 15

it gives easier access to the protein

Question 16

why does DNA condense during mitosis

Answer 16

the DNA becomes easier to separate

Question 17

what happens in prophase

Answer 17

nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes
threadlike spindle forms between the pair of centrioles
centrioles travel to opposite ends of the cell

Question 18

what happens in metaphase

Answer 18

sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell (two sister chromosomes form double chromosomes)

Question 19

anaphase

Answer 19

sister chromatids separate and are now considered 2 single chromosomes

Question 20

telophase

Answer 20

centrioles and spindle fibers begin to disappear
chromosomes turn back into the hard to see chromatin
nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-appear

Question 21

chromatin

Answer 21

loosely coiled DNA (only in non-dividing)

Question 22

chromosomes

Answer 22

tightly coiled DNA (only in mitosis)

Question 23

sister chromatids

Answer 23

exact copy of chromosomes

Question 24

centromere

Answer 24

location where chromosomes are attached

Question 25

kinetochore

Answer 25

protein that motor protein can grab

Question 26

centriole

Answer 26

made of microtubules arranged in perpendicular cylinders found only in animal cells migrate to opposing sides to make sure daughter cells get right amount of chromosomes

Question 27

mitotic spindle

Answer 27

rips chromosomes apart

Question 28

microtubules

Answer 28

helps develop the mitotic spindle

Question 29

what are the differences between plant and animal cell division

Answer 29

plants: plants have cell walls they don't have centrioles to they attach to the cell wall plants can't pinch so they have to build a new cell wall to separate the new cells animals: humans are "squishy" they have centrioles humans only have to pinch in the middle during cytokinesis to separate the new cells

Question 30

what do some anti-cancer drugs target

Answer 30

kinetochore so they can't separate the chromosomes

Question 31

what two things enable chromosomes to move toward the poles during anaphase

Answer 31

kinetochore and motor proteins

Question 32

mitosis in mitotic spindle

Answer 32

prophase: centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell=poles spindle fibers attach to chromosomes metaphase: centromere of sister chromatids are arranged to face opposite poles chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell anaphase: kinetochore microtubules shorten motor protein move the chromosomes along the microtubules non-kinetochore lengthen=cell elongates telophase (end of nuclear division) cytokinesis (cell division) spindle fibers break down

Question 33

how does cancer relate to the cell cycle

Answer 33

cancer develops when cells lose the ability to regulate their cell cycle

Question 34

what are hallmark characteristics of cancerous cells

Answer 34

immorality lack of contact inhibition loss of intended function

Question 35

what are proto-oncogenes and what does it do

Answer 35

they make proteins properly regulate their cycle and speeds up the cell division

Question 36

what are tumor suppressor genes and what does it do

Answer 36

they make tumor suppressor proteins that destroy cancerous cells and slows down cell division