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Cell Biology and Genetics > Mitosis and meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

Division

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2
Q

What are the phases in interphase?

A

G1

S

G2

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3
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

Cell content is replicated

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4
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

DNA replication

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5
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

Cell and DNA repair

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6
Q

When do the cell cycle checkpoints occur?

A

G1/S

G2/M

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7
Q

What happens in the division phase?

A

Mitosis/meiosis

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8
Q

What is the shape of a replicated chromosome?

A

X shape

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9
Q

What are the two chromatids in a replicated chromosome called? Why?

A

Sister chromatids

because they’re identical

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10
Q

What is each chromatid/chromosome made up of?

A

p arm

q arm

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11
Q

How are the p and q arms told apart?

A

p arm is shorter

q arm is longer

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12
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repeated base sequence at each end of chromatid/chromosome

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13
Q

What is the function of centromeres?

A

To hold together sister chromatids in a replicated chromosome

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14
Q

What are centromeres made up of?

A

Repeated base sequences

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15
Q

How are chromosomes classified based on the position of the centromere?

A

Metacentric

Submetacentric

Acrocentric

Telocentric

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16
Q

What is the position of the centromere in metacentric chromosomes?

A

In the middle

p and q arm are same length

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17
Q

What is the position of the centromere in submetacentric chromosome?

A

Upper half of the chromosome

p arm is shorter than q arm

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18
Q

What is the position of the centromere in acrocentric chromosome?

A

Near the top of the chromosome

p arm is barely visible

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19
Q

What is the position of the centromere in telocentric chromosome?

A

In the telomeres of the chromosome

no p arm

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20
Q

Which human chromosomes are telocentric?

A

None of them!

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21
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division

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22
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic cells

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23
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two daughter cells

completely identical to each other and the parent cell

24
Q

Which tissues undergo a lot of mitosis?

A

Epidermis

Mucous membranes

Bone marrow

Spermatogonia

25
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

26
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Nucleolus disappears

Nuclear membrane disappears

Centrioles divide
migrate to opposite poles of cell
by newly formed spindle fibres

27
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes

forming bipolar spindle apparatus

28
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres line up chromosome in the metaphase plate i.e. the middle of the cell

29
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres pull
centromeres divide
sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of cell

30
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Chromosomes decondense into chromatin

Nucleolus reappears

Nuclear membrane reappears

Spindle fibres break down

Cleavage furrow forms

31
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow becomes deeper and deeper
cytoplasm divides into two
forming two cells

32
Q

Where are chromosomes located in interphase?

A

In the form of chromatin

each homologous pair of chromosomes has its own region in the nucleis where it sits

33
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Refer to pairs of chromosomes
have the same genes
but not necessarily the same alleles

34
Q

How are homologous chromosomes inherited?

A

One from mother

One from father

35
Q

What are the chromatids of homologous chromosomes called? Why?

A

Non-sister chromatids

because are not identical

36
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes - 23 homologous pairs

37
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division

38
Q

What type of cells does meiosis occur in?

A

Germ line cells

39
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Four daughter cells
are non-identical
are haploid

40
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Have only one chromosome of each pair

so have half the amount of chromosomes

41
Q

How many rounds of division does meiosis involve?

A

Two consecutive rounds of division

42
Q

What are the phases of meiosis?

A

Meiosis 1

  • prophase 1
  • prometaphase 1
  • metaphase 1
  • anaphase 1
  • telophase 1

same for meiosis 2

43
Q

What extra thing happens in prophase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up
get crossing over
recombination

44
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Non-sister chromatids in the homologous pair of chromosomes

wrap around each other

45
Q

What is recombination?

A

Parts of non-sister chromatids break off

swap over and re-attach to chromosome

46
Q

What is the result of crossing over and recombination?

A

Chromosome is made up of a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA

47
Q

What extra thing happens in metaphase 1?

A

Random assortment

48
Q

What is random assortment?

A

Refers to how whether the maternal/paternal chromosome is on the right/left side occurs randomly

49
Q

What is a consequence of random assortment?

A

Daughter cells recieve mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes

50
Q

What is the purpose of crossing over, recombination and random assortment?

A

Increase genetic variation

51
Q

What extra thing happens in anaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated

move to opposite poles of cell

52
Q

What are the break points of chromosomes in recombination called?

A

Chiasmata

53
Q

What is the importance of the daughter cells produced by meiosis being haploid?

A

So that when sperm and egg fuse with each other
homologous pairs of chromosomes form
and normal number of chromosomes is regained

54
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene

give different characteristics of that gene

55
Q

What is the pair of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1 called?

A

Bivalent/tetrad

Cell Biology and Genetics (32 decks)

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