Mitosis, Cell Cycle and Chromosomes

Question 1

What are Sister chromatids

Answer 1

identical chromatids from the same parent from DNA replication

Question 2

Chromosome

Answer 2

DNA structure (nucleic acid & protein) inside a nucleus, carries genetic info

Question 3

Centromere

Answer 3

part of a chromosome that holds 2chromatids together

Question 4

Histone:

Answer 4

a protein that DNA coils around, coils around 4 times

Question 5

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 5

cell with membrane bound organelles

Question 6

Human diploid cell

Answer 6

has 46 chromosomes
two homologous chromosomes

Question 7

Haploid human cell

Answer 7

has 23 chromosomes

Question 8

Diploid

Answer 8

chromosomes that come in pairs, 2n,
All cells except sex cells are 2n

Question 9

Haploid

Answer 9

chromosome that has only one copy, 1n
Only sex cells, sperm & eggs

Question 10

Female sex chromosomes

Answer 10

XX

Question 11

Male sex chromosomes

Answer 11

XY

Question 12

Homologus

Answer 12

pairs of genetically distinct chromosomes that code for the same genetic trait
One comes from mom and other form dad

Question 13

Autosomal chromosomes:

Answer 13

Non-sex cells
22 autosomal chromosomes + 1 sex chromosome = human cell

Question 14

Mitosis:

Answer 14

process in which 2 somatic cells/diploid cells identical to each other are created
Includes division of DNA (mitosis) & division of cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Divides up chromosomes
Only occurs if cell is big enough & undamaged

Question 15

Meiosis

Answer 15

process in which sex cells/haploid cells are created

Question 16

Somatic cell

Answer 16

diploid homologous cells
Except sex cells

Question 17

Sex cell:

Answer 17

haploid, genetically different

Question 18

Interphase:

Answer 18

1/2 major stages of cell cycle, normal cell functioning
DNA is uncoiled, chromosomes don’t exist

nucleus looks very dark & concentrated

Question 19

What stages does interphase include?

Answer 19

G1 -> S -> G2

Question 20

what stages does m phase include?

Answer 20

mitosis -> cytokenisis

Question 21

what stages does mitosis include?

Answer 21

prophase, promephase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 22

M phase

Answer 22

division of the nucleus/DNA

Question 23

Cytokenisis

Answer 23

divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

looks like almost complete separation

Question 24

G1

Answer 24

cell growth and normal functions, prepares for M phase

Question 25

S phase:

Answer 25

copies DNA

Question 26

G2

Answer 26

additional growth, organelles & proteins produced

Question 27

G0:

Answer 27

occurs when a cell doesn’t need to reproduce itself

Question 28

Prophase:

Answer 28

stage 1 of mitosis/cell division Chromosomes begin to form Mitotic spindle begins to form Centrosomes move away from e/a Nucleus begins to disappear looks like less dark & concentrated version of interphase

Question 28

Prophase:

Answer 28

stage 1 of mitosis/cell division Chromosomes begin to form Mitotic spindle begins to form Centrosomes move away from e/a Nucleus begins to disappear looks like less dark & concentrated version of interphase

Question 29

Prometaphase:

Answer 29

stage 2 of mitosis/cell division Nucleus disappears Chromosomes complete formation Centrosomes at opposite ends of cell Spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes on centromere at kinetochore chromosomes becomes more of squiggly lines, mitotic spindles are slightly visible

Question 30

Metaphase:

Answer 30

stage 3 of mitosis/cell division Chromosomes moved to “metaphase plate” Centromeres of chromosomes lie on the metaphase plate looks like things are in the middle in a line

Question 31

Anaphase

Answer 31

stage 4 of mitosis/cell division Two sister chromatids are pulled apart, each becomes a chromosome 2 separate chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell Pulled by microtubules attached to kinetochore Cell elongates At the end, two ends of cell have equivalent chromosomes chromosomes on opposite ends of cell, being pulled apart

Question 32

Telophase:

Answer 32

stage 5 (final) of mitosis/cell division 2 daughter nucleus start to form Chromosomes less condensed Cleavage furrow forms Mitosis complete Division of 1 nucleus into 2 genetically identical nucleus chromosomes on opp ends are very condensed, nucleus start to form again

Question 33

Clevage furrow:

Answer 33

created by constriction belt of actin filaments (protein) in animal cells Separates cytoplasm into 2 equal parts

Question 34

Clevage furrow:

Answer 34

created by constriction belt of actin filaments (protein) in animal cells Separates cytoplasm into 2 equal parts

Question 35

Cell plate:

Answer 35

clevage furrow equivalent for plants

Question 36

Kinetochore

Answer 36

bundle of proteins on centromere where spindle microtubules attach during prometaphase

Question 37

Metaphase Plate

Answer 37

imaginary place where centromeres lie on

Question 38

Mitotic spindle

Answer 38

includes centrosomes, spindle microtubules/fibers and asters

Question 39

Spindle fibers

Answer 39

spindle microtubules Control chromosome movement during mitosis Assembly begin in centrosome, microtubule organizing center

Question 40

Aster

Answer 40

radial array of short microtubules that surround each centrosome Attaches to cell membrane during mitosis

Question 41

Microtubule

Answer 41

hollow tubes made of protein, roads of cell

Question 42

Centrosome

Answer 42

microtubules attach & branch out of this