mitral stenosis Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is the normal mitral valve (MV) orifice area?
4-6 cm2
What condition involves narrowing of the mitral valve orifice?
Mitral stenosis (MS)
What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
Rheumatic heart disease
What are some other causes of mitral stenosis?
- Calcification of the mitral valve
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Endomyocardial fibrosis
- Radiation
- Carcinoid
What are the differences in the prevalence of mitral stenosis between developed and developing countries?
1:100,000 in developed countries vs 10:1,000 in developing countries
What demographic is most affected by mitral stenosis?
2/3rd of all patients are females
At what age do patients typically become symptomatic from mitral stenosis?
3rd or 4th decade of life
What is a common cause of death in mitral stenosis patients?
Congestive cardiac failure and systemic/pulmonary embolism
What is the 10-year survival rate of asymptomatic mitral stenosis patients?
80%
What is the ‘fish mouth appearance’ in mitral stenosis?
A chronic valvulitis leads to fibrosis and a narrow valve opening
When do patients with mitral stenosis typically become symptomatic?
When MV area is <2-2.5 cm2
What symptoms are associated with mitral stenosis?
- Fatigue due to low cardiac output
- Chest pain due to pulmonary hypertension
- Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Raised JVP, ascites, edema of lower extremities
- Hoarseness of voice and difficulty in swallowing
- Pink frothy sputum due to pulmonary edema
- Hemoptysis
- Mitral facies
What signs are commonly observed in mitral stenosis?
- Low volume pulse
- Elevated JVP
- Crepitations
What auscultatory features are indicative of mitral stenosis?
- Loud 1st heart sound
- Loud P2 in pulmonary hypertension
- Opening snap
- Mid-diastolic murmur
- Late diastolic crescendo murmur
What ECG finding is associated with mitral stenosis?
Broad notched P wave of increased amplitude termed ‘P-mitrale’
What chest X-ray findings are associated with mitral stenosis?
- Cardiomegaly
- Enlarged left atrium
- Enlarged right atrium
- Pulmonary hypertension signs
What is the role of antibiotics in managing mitral stenosis?
Prophylaxis against group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to prevent RF recurrence
What medical treatments are used for mitral stenosis?
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Anti-coagulants
What surgical treatments are available for mitral stenosis?
- Mitral valve repair
- Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy
- Valve replacement
True or False: The most common cause of mitral stenosis in developing countries is rheumatic heart disease.
True
Fill in the blank: A low-pitched diastolic apical murmur, opening snap following S2, is seen in _______.
Mitral stenosis
Fill in the blank: The straightening of the left border of the heart is a chest X-ray finding in _______.
Mitral valve stenosis
