Mix

Question 1

Nucleotide structure

Answer 1

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base

Question 2

Prokaryotes have ………. chromosomes and smaller ………

Answer 2

Single circular chromosomes

Circular plasmids

Question 3

Eukaryotes have ………. in the nucleus which are …….

Answer 3

Linear chromosomes

Tightly coiled

Question 4

How does dna replication occur?

Answer 4

DNA polymerase and primers

Question 5

What does PCR do?

Answer 5

Amplify dna using complementary primers for specific target sequences

Question 6

What are the three types of rna

Answer 6

mRNA tRNA and rrna

Question 7

mRNA carries a copy of the nucleus from the nucleus to

Answer 7

The ribosome

Question 8

Why does tRNA fold?

Answer 8

Due to complementary base pairing

Question 9

RRNA and proteins form

Answer 9

The ribosome

Question 10

RNA splicing forms what kind of mRNA transcript?

Answer 10

Mature

Question 11

Introns of the ……are non coding and are joined together to form….

Answer 11

Primary transcript

Mature transcript

Question 12

Translation begins and ends at where?

Answer 12

Starts at a start codon

Ends at stop codon

Question 13

What bond holds amino acids together?

Answer 13

Peptide bonds

Question 14

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form what?

Answer 14

Polypeptide

Question 15

Describe the shape of DNA molecule

Answer 15

Double Helix

Question 16

Features of DNA

Answer 16

double helix shape
Sugar phosphate backbones
Antiparallel strands
Hydrogen bonds link strands
Complementary base pairing rules applied to nucleotides

Question 17

Prokaryotes: 
Organisms 
Linear chromosomes 
Circular chromosomes 
Plasmids

Answer 17

Bacteria
Not present
In cytoplasm
Yes

Question 18

Eukaryotes:
Organism
Linear chromosomes
Circular chromosomes
Plasmids

Answer 18

Animals
Within nucleus
Within mitochondria
No

Question 19

Requirements for DNA replication

Answer 19

DNA templates
Free dna nucleotides
Primers 
DNA polymerase 
Source of energy (ATP)

Question 20

Stages for replication in DNA

Answer 20

Double helix is unwound by DNA POLYMERASE (enzyme). The hydrogen bonds that connect the two strands are unzipped

Primers join

The process requires energy which is supplied by ATP which is produced by the cells respiration.

Question 21

Why is DNA replication important?

Answer 21

It ensures that identical copies of genetic information of a species is passed on from cell to cell and from generation to generation

Question 22

Requirements for PCR

Answer 22

DNA has to be amplified (copied)
Primers
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
Supply of nucleotides 
Ph buffer

Question 23

Steps in PCR

Answer 23

heat mixture to 92-98 to get single strand of dna

Lower temp to 50-56 to allow primers to bind to DNA

Reheat to 72 for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to synthesise the new strand of DNA

Reheat to 90 so Dna becomes single stranded for the second time. Lower the temp and allow the primers to anneal and extend the primers

Question 24

What is DNA polymerase

Answer 24

Enzyme that adds free complementary dna nucleotides during replication

Question 25

What is ligase?

Answer 25

Enzyme that joins dna fragments to make the lagging strand

Question 26

Enzymes

Answer 26

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Question 27

Hormones

Answer 27

Chemical messengers in regulation

Question 28

Antibodies

Answer 28

Defensive substances that give immunity against specific diseases

Question 29

The differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 29

DNA nucleotides have deoxyribose sugar but RNA has ribose DNA bases are adenine thymine guanine and cytosine. RNA has uracil instead of thymine RNA is single stranded

Question 30

What is mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Answer 30

mRNA carries complementary copy of the genetic code from the dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome to form polypeptide chains Rrna is combined with proteins to make up the structure of ribosomes

Question 31

Codon

Answer 31

Sequence of three bases of tRNA that specifies an amino acid

Question 32

Exon

Answer 32

Sequences of dna that codes for a protein

Question 33

Intron

Answer 33

Non coding sequence of DNA

Question 34

Transcription

Answer 34

Copying of a DNA sequence to make a primary transcrip

Question 35

Translation

Answer 35

Production of a polypeptide using sequences of mRNA

Question 36

What are meristems

Answer 36

Region in a plant in which mitosis occurs

Question 37

Stem cell

Answer 37

Cell that can divide and then differentiate in animals

Question 38

What can be produced from stem cells?

Answer 38

``` Liver Blood Muscle Nerves More stem cells ```

Question 39

Ethical issues of stem cells

Answer 39

Illegal trade Stem cells being used eugenically Is the presentation of suffering more important that the duty to preserve human life

Question 40

Single gene mutations

Answer 40

Substitution Insertion Deletion

Question 41

Chromosome mutations

Answer 41

Duplication Deletion Translocation Inversion

Question 42

Effects of chromosome mutation

Answer 42

Duplication: highly detrimental Deletion: cri du chat syndrome evolves after the loss of part of chromosome 5 Translocation: can cause Down syndrome Inversion: unable to produce gametes leading to infertility

Question 43

Polyploidy

Answer 43

Possession of extra chromosomes

Question 44

Splice site mutations

Answer 44

Mutation at a point where coding and non coding regions meet in a section of DNA

Question 45

What is speciation

Answer 45

The evolution of two or more species from a common ancestor

Question 46

Types of speciation

Answer 46

Allopatric- isolated by GEOLOGICAL barriers (mountains or oceans) Sympatric- isolated by ecological barriers

Question 47

Horizontal inheritance

Answer 47

Inheritance of genetic material within a generation

Question 48

Vertical inheritance

Answer 48

Inheritance of genetic material from parents by offspring

Question 49

Three domains of life

Answer 49

Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes

Question 50

Molecular clock

Answer 50

A graph showing differences in sequence data for protein against time

Question 51

Phylogenetics

Answer 51

Study of evolutionary relatedness of species

Question 52

Sequence data

Answer 52

Info concerning amino acid or nucleotide base sequencing