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CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH > Mixed > Flashcards

Mixed Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle is called __________.

A

RUBISCO

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the Calvin Cycle?

A) Carboxylation
B) Reduction
C) Regeneration
D) Oxidation

A

D) Oxidation

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3
Q

The Calvin Cycle is also known as the __________ reaction pathway.

A

photosynthetic dark

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4
Q

What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin Cycle?

A) Glucose
B) NADPH
C) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
D) 3-Phosphoglycerate

A

C) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

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5
Q

The reduction stage of the Calvin Cycle involves the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to __________.

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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6
Q

In the glycerol phosphate shuttle, what is the final electron acceptor?

A) NADH
B) FAD
C) NADPH
D) ATP

A

B) FAD

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7
Q

The malate-aspartate shuttle transports electrons from NADH in the cytoplasm to NAD⁺ in the __________.

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

A

A) 2

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9
Q

In the anaerobic phase of glycolysis, the total ATP gain is __________.

A

2 ATP

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10
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B) Hexokinase
C) Phosphofructokinase
D) Citrate synthase

A

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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11
Q

During the aerobic phase, the conversion of succinate to fumarate is coupled with the reduction of __________ to __________.

A

FAD to FADH₂

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12
Q

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from one round of the Krebs cycle per molecule of glucose?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

C) 3

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13
Q

The enzyme __________ catalyzes the substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

A

pyruvate kinase

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT an intermediate of the Krebs cycle?

A) Citrate
B) Isocitrate
C) Glucose-6-phosphate
D) α-Ketoglutarate

A

C) Glucose-6-phosphate

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15
Q

Oxaloacetate must be converted to __________ to cross the mitochondrial membrane.

A

malate

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16
Q

The first enzyme in the Krebs cycle is:

A) Citrate synthase
B) Aconitase
C) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
D) Succinate dehydrogenase

A

A) Citrate synthase

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17
Q

The total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose after complete aerobic respiration is approximately __________ ATP.

A

32-34

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18
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A) Mitochondria
B) Cytoplasm
C) Nucleus
D) Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

B) Cytoplasm

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19
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in glycolysis and the __________ cycle.

A

Krebs

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20
Q

Which coenzyme is reduced during the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?

A) NAD⁺
B) FAD
C) NADP⁺
D) CoA

A

A) NAD⁺

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21
Q

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is __________.

A

oxygen

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle per turn?

A) 1 ATP
B) 3 NADH
C) 1 FADH₂
D) 2 CO₂

A

D) 2 CO₂ (note: 2 CO₂ per glucose, so 1 per turn)

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23
Q

During gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is first converted to __________ before becoming phosphoenolpyruvate.

A

oxaloacetate

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24
Q

Which of the following shuttles is used predominantly in muscle cells?

A) Malate-aspartate shuttle
B) Glycerol phosphate shuttle
C) Carnitine shuttle
D) Acetate shuttle

A

C) Carnitine shuttle

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25
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the Calvin Cycle is __________.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
26
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? A) To generate ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation B) To oxidize glucose directly to CO₂ and H₂O C) To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen D) To produce glucose from pyruvate
C) To transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen
27
The proton gradient established by the electron transport chain is used by the enzyme __________ to produce ATP.
ATP synthase
28
In which organelle does the Krebs cycle occur? A) Cytoplasm B) Mitochondria C) Nucleus D) Chloroplast
B) Mitochondria
29
The total number of NADH molecules produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration is __________.
10
30
Which intermediate of the Krebs cycle is both a reactant and a product of the cycle? A) Citrate B) Malate C) Oxaloacetate D) Succinyl-CoA
C) Oxaloacetate
31
During the Calvin Cycle, for every three molecules of CO₂ fixed, __________ molecules of G3P are produced.
six (6)
32
Which molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) NADP⁺ B) FAD C) ATP D) CO₂
A) NADP⁺
33
The enzyme __________ catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen gas (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) in nitrogen fixation.
nitrogenase
34
In which part of the plant cell does nitrogen fixation primarily occur? A) Chloroplast B) Mitochondria C) Nucleus D) Root nodules
D) Root nodules
35
Ammonia is incorporated into organic molecules primarily through the amino acid __________.
glutamine
36
Which enzyme converts ammonia to urea in the liver? A) Urease B) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase C) Glutamate dehydrogenase D) Arginase
D) Arginase
37
The urea cycle begins in the __________ and continues in the __________.
mitochondria, cytoplasm
38
Which amino acid is a key intermediate in both the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle? A) Arginine B) Citrulline C) Ornithine D) Aspartate
D) Aspartate
39
The Cori cycle involves the transport of __________ from muscles to the liver where it is converted back to glucose.
lactate
40
Which of the following molecules can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis? A) Fatty acids B) Amino acids C) Glycerol D) Both B and C
D) Both B and C
41
__________ is the primary regulatory hormone that promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver.
Glucagon
42
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate? A) Glycogen synthase B) Phosphofructokinase C) Glycogen phosphorylase D) Hexokinase
C) Glycogen phosphorylase
43
The primary site for gluconeogenesis is the __________.
liver
44
Which metabolic pathway is active when the body is in a fasting state? A) Glycolysis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Glycogenesis D) Lipogenesis
B) Gluconeogenesis
45
The enzyme __________ is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis.
phosphofructokinase
46
Allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase include: A) ATP and citrate B) ADP and AMP C) NADH and FADH₂ D) Pyruvate and lactate
A) ATP and citrate
47
The enzyme __________ converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis.
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
48
Which enzyme is involved in both the Calvin Cycle and gluconeogenesis? A) Pyruvate kinase B) RUBISCO C) Glucose-6-phosphatase D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
49
In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts __________ in the pathway.
early
50
Which molecule is an allosteric activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase? A) NADH B) Acetyl-CoA C) AMP D) ATP
C) AMP
51
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the __________.
mitochondria
52
The primary storage form of lipids in the body is: A) Phospholipids B) Triglycerides C) Cholesterol D) Free fatty acids
B) Triglycerides
53
Ketone bodies are produced in the __________ during periods of low carbohydrate intake.
liver
54
Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis? A) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase B) Fatty acid synthase C) Carnitine acyltransferase D) Hormone-sensitive lipase
A) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
55
The primary hormone that promotes lipogenesis is __________.
insulin
56
In which cellular location does fatty acid elongation occur? A) Cytoplasm B) Mitochondria C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Nucleus
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
57
The conversion of glucose to fatty acids is known as __________.
de novo lipogenesis
58
Which of the following pathways does NOT provide precursors for gluconeogenesis? A) Glycolysis B) Beta-oxidation C) Pentose phosphate pathway D) Amino acid catabolism
C) Pentose phosphate pathway
59
__________ is a metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid synthesis.
Acetyl-CoA
60
The primary site of ketone body utilization is: A) Liver B) Muscle tissue C) Brain D) Adipose tissue
C) Brain
61
The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the __________ of the chloroplasts.
thylakoid membranes
62
Which molecule is the primary electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) Water B) NADPH C) Glucose D) Oxygen
A) Water
63
The splitting of water in photosynthesis releases __________ as a byproduct.
oxygen
64
During the light reactions, ATP is produced by: A) Photolysis B) Cyclic electron flow C) Non-cyclic electron flow D) Both B and C
D) Both B and C
65
The primary pigment involved in capturing light energy is __________.
chlorophyll
66
What is the main purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis? A) To produce glucose B) To fix carbon dioxide C) To generate ATP and NADPH D) To produce oxygen
C) To generate ATP and NADPH
67
Photosystem II absorbs light most efficiently at a wavelength of __________ nm.
680
68
During starvation, the body shifts to using __________ as the main source of energy.
ketone bodies
68
The electrons lost from Photosystem I are replaced by electrons from: A) Water B) Photosystem II C) NADPH D) Oxygen
B) Photosystem II
69
Which process is directly inhibited by insulin? A) Glycolysis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Lipogenesis D) Glycogenesis
B) Gluconeogenesis
70
__________ is the main hormone that promotes glycogen storage in the liver.
insulin
71
The main regulatory point in the Calvin Cycle is the enzyme: A) RUBISCO B) Phosphofructokinase C) ATP synthase D) Citrate synthase
A) RUBISCO
72
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the __________ of the chloroplasts.
stroma
73
Which compound is both a substrate and a product of the Calvin Cycle? A) 3-Phosphoglycerate B) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate C) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate D) Fructose-6-phosphate
B) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
74
The energy required for the Calvin Cycle is provided by ATP and __________.
NADPH
75
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the Calvin Cycle? A) Carboxylation B) Reduction C) Regeneration D) Decarboxylation
D) Decarboxylation
76
The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → __________ + 6 O₂.
C₆H₁₂O₆
77
Which part of the chloroplast contains the enzymes for the Calvin Cycle? A) Thylakoid membrane B) Stroma C) Grana D) Outer membrane
B) Stroma
78
The primary function of the Calvin Cycle is to convert carbon dioxide into __________.
glucose
79
The energy currency of the cell is: A) NADPH B) FADH₂ C) ATP D) Glucose
C) ATP
80
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the __________ of mitochondria.
inner membrane
81
Which molecule is regenerated during the Krebs cycle to allow the cycle to continue? A) Citrate B) Oxaloacetate C) Acetyl-CoA D) Pyruvate
B) Oxaloacetate
82
During fermentation, pyruvate is converted to __________ in muscle cells.
lactate
83
The light reactions of photosynthesis produce: A) ATP and NADPH B) Glucose and oxygen C) CO₂ and water D) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and oxygen
A) ATP and NADPH
84
The Calvin Cycle is sometimes referred to as the __________ reactions because it does not require light.
dark
85
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is: A) Hexokinase B) Phosphofructokinase C) Glucose-6-phosphatase D) Pyruvate kinase
A) Hexokinase
86
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of __________.
pyruvate
87
The total number of ATPs produced from one molecule of glucose during anaerobic respiration is: A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
A) 2
88
The main regulatory step of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme __________.
phosphofructokinase
89
Which molecule links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? A) NADH B) FADH₂ C) Acetyl-CoA D) Pyruvate
C) Acetyl-CoA
90
The Krebs cycle is also known as the __________ cycle.
citric acid/TCA
91
Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? A) ATP B) NADPH C) O₂ D) Glucose
D) Glucose
92
The initial reactant of the Krebs cycle is __________, which combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
acetyl-CoA
93
The main purpose of fermentation is to: A) Produce ATP B) Regenerate NAD⁺ C) Produce lactate D) Convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
B) Regenerate NAD⁺
94
During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced as protons flow through __________ back into the mitochondrial matrix.
ATP synthase
95
Which of the following processes generates the most ATP? A) Glycolysis B) Krebs cycle C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) Fermentation
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
96
The Calvin Cycle requires __________ ATP and __________ NADPH for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose.
18, 12
97
The direct energy source for the Calvin Cycle is: A) Light energy B) ATP and NADPH C) Glucose D) Carbon dioxide
B) ATP and NADPH
98
The enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis is __________.
enolase
99
The final product of glycolysis is: A) Acetyl-CoA B) Pyruvate C) Citrate D) Oxaloacetate
B) Pyruvate

CHEM 46 3RD AND 4TH (3 decks)

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