Mixed Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
How are nutrients digested and transported out of the small intestine?
A
CHOs, Lipids, and Proteins are broken down to their smallest units, which are transported through intestinal cells to capillaries.
2
Q
The sublingual gland is located
A
beneath the tongue
3
Q
What is purpose of bile salts?
A
Bile salts emulsify fats.
4
Q
What are starch, proteins and fats broken down into?
A
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol
5
Q
Two types of enzymes important in the digestion of starches.
A
Amylases and Disaccharidases
6
Q
Benedict’s test adds Benedict’s reagent to a carbohydrate solution. A positive test for carbohydrates results in a solution colour change from blue to what colour?
A
Red/Orange
7
Q
An Iodine test is used to check for starches in food samples. After adding iodine solution to the sample, a positive test indicates a colour change to what colour?
A
Blue/Black
8
Q
The abdomino-pelvic regions of the body are
A
Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac (or inguinal), Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric (or pubic)
9
Q
List of terms that are used to describe lipid digestion.
A
nonpolar, polar, amphipathic, emulsion
10
Q
three major nutrients are
A
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids
11
Q
What is an example of empty calories?
A
Lollies, Softdrinks
12
Q
what are 3 types of triglycerides?
A
Saturated, unsaturated, trans-fats
13
Q
Where does protein synthesis take place?
A
at ribosomes in the cytoplasm
14
Q
Place the following in order from the most complex to the simplest:
A) oxygen, melanocyte, blood, skin, integumentary system, person
B) person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
C) oxygen, blood, erythrocyte, integumentary system, skin, person
D) person, integumentary system, erythrocyte, oxygen, blood
A
B) person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
15
Q
The ventral body cavity consists of what cavities?
A
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
16
Q
Kharlesee plays indoor netball and fractures the bone in the end of her middle finger. We would say this is a break in the A) distal phalange B) proximal phalange C) medial phalange D) distal carpal
A
Distal Phalange
17
Q
When you consider the anatomy of the body, we would say that the liver is A) superior to the diaphragm B) inferior to the diaphragm C) distal to the diaphragm D) lateral to the diaphragm
A
inferior to the diaphragm
18
Q
Low body temperature resulting from exposure to a cold environment for a long time is called
A
hypothermia
19
Q
Most heat is lost from your body by what?
A
Radiation
20
Q
Sione is unwell and is suffering from fever and chills. “Chills” would indicate what?
A
his body temperature is rising
21
Q
2 examples of a positive feedback system is
A
Blood clotting, Labour contractions
22
Q
2 examples of a negative feedback system is
A
Control of blood temperature, control of blood sugar level
23
Q
All body systems contribute to homeostasis. However the two most important systems are
A
nervous and endocrine
24
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
the ability of the human body to maintain relatively stable conditions internally in spite of changes in the environment
25
how does the nervous system communicate?
electrical impulses
26
how does the endocrine system communicate?
CHEMICAL MESSAGES
27
The hormone responsible for causing the muscles of the uterus to contract is
oxytocin
28
Towards the end of pregnancy, receptors in the walls of the uterus are stimulated to send messages to the brain and pituitary to begin contraction. These receptors are
stretch receptors
29
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sebaceous glands?
A) producing sweat
B) to produce an oil to lubricate the skin
C) killing bacteria
D) secrete fats, cell debris, and keratin
producing sweat
30
Place the following in order from the most complex to the simplest:
A) oxygen, melanocyte, blood, skin, integumentary system, person
B) person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
C) oxygen, blood, erythrocyte, integumentary system, skin, person
D) person, integumentary system, erythrocyte, oxygen, blood
person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
31
Put the following items in order from most complex to the simplest:
A) CVS, heart, blood, leucocyte, lysosome
B) leucocyte, lysosome, blood, cardiovascular system, heart
C) lysosome, leucocyte, blood, heart, cardiovascular system
D) blood, leucocyte, heart, CVS, lysosome
CVS, heart, blood, leucocyte, lysosome
32
```
Which of the following organs would you find in the pelvic cavity?
Rectum
Spleen
Lungs
small intestine
```
rectum
33
```
Anne decides to get fit and gets out running. She stumbles and falls and breaks her tibia bone (shin bone) close to her ankle. We would say the break is
at the superior end of the tibia
anterior to the ankle bones (tarsals)
at the inferior end of the tibia
at the distal end of the tibia
```
at the distal end of the tibia
34
John has a fever and is asking to be made cooler by blowing a fan at his face. This is not recommended because
it causes the body to start heat promotion and John would get hotter
35
A substance made by the skin, that acts as a co-enzyme in the body to help calcium get deposited into bone is
Vitamin D
36
The layer of tissue in the integumentary system that not only slows heat loss, but has a protective cushioning function is
hypodermis
37
Pacinian corpuscles are important to the skin to
detect changes in pressure
38
Cells that have dendrites (branches) and exist within the epithelium of the skin to get rid of and remove microbes are called
Langerhans cells
39
The suffix "pathy" indicates
a disorder in part of the body
40
the suffix "emia" means
in the blood
41
Hypocalcaemia indicates there is
low calcium levels in the blood
42
Hypercalcaemia indicates there is
high calcium levels in the blood
43
Jenny suffers from a pneumothorax. The prefix "pneumo" indicates there is what in the thorax?
air
44
What is Hyperthermia?
a condition where the body temperature is a lot higher than normal
45
What is Hypothermia?
a condition where the body temperature is a lot lower than normal
46
Place the following in order from the most complex to the simplest:
- oxygen, melanocyte, blood, skin, integumentary system, person
- person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
- oxygen, blood, erythrocyte, integumentary system, skin, person
- person, integumentary system, erythrocyte, oxygen, blood
person, integumentary system, skin, blood, melanocyte, oxygen
47
The sweat glands on the forehead and palms of the hands that help with temperature regulation are better known as
eccrine glands
48
epidermis is what layer of the skin
the outermost layer of the skin
49
subcutis is what layer of the skin
inner layer of the skin
50
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is another name for what skin layer
subcutis
51
dermis is what layer of the skin
middle layer of the skin
52
cutaneous membrane is
the formal name for the skin
53
What is the stratum corneum
This layer is composed of the many dead skin cells that you shed into the environment —as a result, these cells are found in dust throughout your home. This layer helps to repel water.
54
What is the stratum lucidum
This layer is found only on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and the soles of the feet.
55
What is the Stratum Granulosum
This is the layer where part of keratin production occurs. Keratin is a protein that is the main component of skin
56
What is the stratum spinosum
This layer gives the skin strength as well as flexibility.
57
What is the stratum basale
This is where the skin’s most important cells, called keratinocytes, are formed before moving up to the surface of the epidermis and being shed into the environment as dead skin cells.
This layer also contains melanocytes, the cells that are largely responsible for determining the color of our skin and protecting our skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation.
58
How many layers are in the epidermis
5
59
The stratum basale layer (or basal layer) of the epidermis is where
- the cells are dry and flattened
- the skin becomes thicker and protective
- is made of dead cells that contain keratin
- new cells are made by mitosis
new cells are made by mitosis
60
The layer of tissue in the integumentary system that not only slows heat loss, but has a protective cushioning function is
hypodermis
61
The prefix -tachy is obvious in words like tachycardia and tachypnoea. "Tachy" refers to
rapid
62
If something is avascular, this means
it does not have a blood supply
63
the suffix -emia means what?
in the blood
64
What is hyperthermia
is a condition where the body temperature is a lot higher than normal
65
The suffix "pathy" indicates
a disorder in part of the body
66
Tonsilitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis and laryngitis all have the suffix 'itis' which indicates the presence of
inflammation
67
Sclerosis, mitosis, protein synthesis and meiosis all end in the suffix “osis / esis". The term “osis / esis" indicates some sort of
medical condition
68
```
Which of the following organs would you find in the pelvic cavity?
A) rectum
B) spleen
C) lungs
D) small intestine
```
A) Rectum
69
```
When you consider the anatomy of the body, we would say that the liver is
A) distal to the diaphragm
B) lateral to the diaphragm
C) superior to the diaphragm
D) inferior to the diaphragm
```
D) inferior to the diaphagm
70
```
Anne decides to get fit and gets out running. She stumbles and falls and breaks her tibia bone (shin bone) close to her ankle. We would say the break is
A) at the superior end of the tibia
B) anterior to the ankle bones (tarsals)
C) at the inferior end of the tibia
D) at the distal end of the tibia
```
D) at the distal end of the tibia
71
```
Most heat is lost from your body by
A) conduction
B) convection
C) evaporation
D) radiation
```
Radiation
72
John has a fever and is asking to be made cooler by blowing a fan at his face. This is not recommended because
it causes the body to start heat promotion and John would get hotter
73
Sione is unwell and is suffering from fever and chills. "Chills" would indicate
his body temperature is rising
74
The hormone responsible for causing the muscles of the uterus to contract is
oxytocin
75
Towards the end of pregnancy, receptors in the walls of the uterus are stimulated to send messages to the brain and pituitary to begin contraction. These receptors are
stretch receptors
76
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sebaceous glands?
- killing bacteria
- to produce an oil to lubricate the skin
- producing sweat
- secrete fats, cell debris, and keratin
Producing sweat
77
A substance made by the skin, that acts as a co-enzyme in the body to help calcium get deposited into bone is
Vitamin D
78
The layer of tissue in the integumentary system that not only slows heat loss, but has a protective cushioning function is
hypodermis
79
Hypocalcaemia indicates there is
low calcium levels in the blood
80
The epidermis of the skin is able to regenerate quickly. We would say this is an example of
labile tissue
81
Emily suffers from a full thickness burn when she tripped over by the fireplace. Her left hand landed in the flames and embers. Full thickness burns generally require a skin graft. What cells have been lost that would normally regenerate the epidermis?
Stratum basale cells
82
Reven has been complaining of pain in the fingers on her left hand. She is told at her diagnoses that the cartilage on the end of her phalanges has been worn away by wear and tear over many years. Reven is diagnosed with what?
osteoarthritis
83
```
One REGULATORY function of blood is
A) maintaining pH (acid/base balance)
B) preventing blood loss
C) transporting gases
D) destroying pathogens
```
A) maintaining pH (acid/base balance)
84
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
A) too many RBC (erythrocytes)
B) more oxygen demand by the tissues of the body
C) moving from a high altitude down to a lower one
D) decreased demand for oxygen by the body's cells
more oxygen demand by the tissues of the body
85
What is the hormone responsible for the production of RBC and where is it made?
erythropoietin and it is made in the kidneys
86
Basophils
kill parasitic worms
make antibodies
engulf pathogens
make histamines
make histamines
87
Pacinian corpuscles are important to the skin to
detect changes in pressure
88
Cells that have dendrites (branches) and exist within the epithelium of the skin to get rid of and remove microbes are called what?
Langerhans Cells
89
```
Neutrophils
A) are phagocytes and engulf pathogens
B) kill parasitic worms
C) help blood to clot
D) help to balance the pH
```
are phagocytes and engulf pathogens
90
Eosinophils
A) engulf bacteria
B) release histamines causing blood vessels to become leaky
C) make antibodies
D) increase in numbers when one has parasitic worms
increase in numbers when one has parasitic worms
91
The stage or phase where cells are taking a rest from cell division is called
interphase
92
```
Mitosis results in
A) four cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes
B) four cells with 23 chromosomes each
C) two cells with 23 chromosomes
D) two cells with 46 chromosomes each
```
two cells with 23 chromosomes
93
During mitosis chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibres produced by the centrioles, so that there is a set of chromosomes at each end. This phase or stage is called
anaphase
94
The nutrients required in very small amounts to aid with metabolism by acting as co-enzymes are
vitamins
95
The mineral needed to help the thyroid produce hormones and regulate metabolic rate
iodine
96
As cells undergo metabolism, they release carbon dioxide which dissolves in the plasma of the blood. As this happens which of the following ions form?
- Water (H2O)
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Hydroxide ion (OH-)
- Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
97
One of the functions of the liver is to detoxify substances. To help with the removal of toxins from the body the cells in the liver contain many
peroxisomes
98
The acid present in the stomach is
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
99
As cells undergo metabolism, they release carbon dioxide which dissolves in the plasma of the blood. As this happens which of the following ions form?
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
100
To be metabolised, nutrients must be transported through the cell membrane. During metabolism, glucose and proteins are transported by what?
Facilitated diffusion
101
The primary products of protein metabolism are?
amino acids
102
The hormone responsible for helping glucose enter cells is?
insulin
103
```
Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
A) ribose sugar
B) white table sugar
C) deoxyribose sugar
D) fructose
```
B) Table Sugar
104
The molecule that acts as a readily available source of energy for body cells is?
glucose
105
Tevita has been prescribed some medication, which he needs to take once a day with food. His doctor recommends he has the pills with a sandwich. The main reason for this is?
the carbohydrates will reduce the toxicity of the drugs
106
Emily suffers from a full thickness burn when she tripped over by the fireplace. Her left hand landed in the flames and embers. Full thickness burns generally require a skin graft. What cells have been lost that would normally regenerate the epidermis?
Stratum basale cells
107
The epidermis of the skin is able to regenerate quickly. We would say this is an example of what?
labile tissue
108
Bert and Ernie are keen snowboarders. They headed to National Park for some snow, but while there Bert had an accident at the ski field. Bert broke the radius in his arm -- fortunately this injury completely healed after 6 weeks. The BEST reason why Bert's injury fixed itself so fast is?
osseous (bone) tissue is highly vasularised and obtaining nutrients for repair is simple
109
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
A) decreased demand for oxygen by the body's cells
B) moving from a high altitude down to a lower one
C) too many RBC (erythrocytes)
D) more oxygen demand by the tissues of the body
D) more oxygen demand by the tissues of the body
110
Meiosis occurs where?
In the testes and ovaries
111
The structure that actually makes ribosomes is the
Nucleolus
112
The jelly like substance that holds cell organelles in place such as the mitochondria is/are the what?
Cytoplasm
113
An important acid in the body is the one needed to build new proteins. This acid is called:
amino acids
114
The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentrations called
pH
115
Oxaloacetic acid
A) helps transport fatty acids to the mitochondria
B) helps glucose move through the cell membrane
C) helps transport modified glucose to the mitochondria
D) are used by ribosomes to form proteins
A) helps transport fatty acids to the mitochondria
116
The nutrients required in very small amounts to aid with metabolism by acting as co-enzymes are
Vitamins
117
In New Zealand, the unit for measuring the amount of energy in food is
kiloJoule
118
Amino acids that are not utilised during protein synthesis are use as
either energy or stored as fat
119
The molecule that acts as a readily available source of energy for body cells is
glucose
120
Bert and Ernie are keen snowboarders and on a recent trip to the snow, Ernie had an accident at the ski field. Ernie ripped the cartilage in his knee which will take several months to heal. The BEST reason why Ernie's injury will take so long to heal is because
A) cartilage is avascular and relies on obtaining nutrients for repair by diffusion from surrounding tissues
B) the blood vessels within the cartilage are damaged and need to repair before the rest of the healing can take place
C) Ernie is only young and mitosis is slow
D) cartilage cells (also known as chondrocytes) are too far apart in their lacunae to coordinate healing
A) cartilage is avascular and relies on obtaining nutrients for repair by diffusion from surrounding tissues
121
Reven has been complaining of pain in the fingers on her left hand. She is told at her diagnoses that the cartilage on the end of her phalanges has been worn away by wear and tear over many years. Reven is diagnosed with
B) osteoarthritis
122
Karl breaks his tibia (shin bone)and during the process of mending the cells in the bone tissue are stimulated to produce new tissue by cell division. Unless a bone is damaged or broken there is no need for bone tissue to undergo cell division and thus bone tissue is classified as
Stable tissue
123
Mitochondria
produces energy
124
Microtubules
A) help give cells their different shapes and provide support to them
B) produce spindle fibres during cell division
C) act against forces
D) help cells to change shape to move or contract
A)
125
We need to be wary of the lipids we consume, particularly those that are liquids that have been solidified. These types of lipids are known as
trans fats
126
```
Sam suffers burns on his back from sunburn. We would refer to these burns as being on the
A) spinal cavity
B) ventral or anterior surface
C) anterior or dorsal surface
D) posterior or dorsal surface
```
A) Spinal Cavity
127
You are treating Karl who is a patient in hospital who is complaining of being cold. You could help warm him up by the principal of conduction by
A) using a fan to circulate warm air
B) using a heat lamp
C) putting Karl in a sunny spot in the room
D) placing a sheepskin rug underneath him but on top of the mattress
B) Using a heat lamp
