MMBIO 240

Question 1

DNA central dogma

Answer 1

DNA replication, then transcription, then translation

maybe back to replication through reverse transcription

Question 2

Mendel’s 2 Fundamental laws for heredity

Answer 2

1 Law of segregation

2 Law of independent assortment

Question 3

Law of segregation

Answer 3

allele pairs segregate during gamete formation

1 trait–> 3:1 ratio

Question 4

Law of independent assortment

Answer 4

separate genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation
(2 traits-> 9:3:3:1 ratio)

Question 5

Incomplete dominance

Answer 5

expression of an intermediate phenotype

Question 6

codominance

Answer 6

expression of both phenotypes (blood)

Question 7

linked genes

Answer 7

two genes that are very close to each other on the same chromosome will be unlikely to separate during gamete formation
(inherited together unless separated during meiotic recombination)

Question 8

high frequency of recombination opposed to low frequency

Answer 8

higher the frequency, the further the genes are apart on the chromosome.

Question 9

Sex-linked genes

Answer 9

females have two x chromosomes, so if one is bad, the other can mask it… if guys get the x chromosome… THEY ARE SCREWED
-non-mendelian

Question 10

Is it possible for a woman to get hemophilia?

Answer 10

YES, but she would need to have a hemophiliac dad and a mom with at least one gene for it

Question 11

Hemophilia cause

Answer 11

sex linked trait (non-mendelian)

Question 12

Huntington’s disease

Answer 12

repeat of CAG sequence (triplet expansion)

non-mendelian

Question 13

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 13

single nucleotide mutation

from A to T

Question 14

sickle-cell mendelian on non-mendelian

Answer 14

disease is mendelian

Question 15

cystic fibrosis

Answer 15

caused by mutation which is a deletion of three nucleotides that result in loss of phenylalanine
(non-mendelian)

Question 16

Griffith and Avery experiment

Answer 16

Mice with smooth (virulent), rough (non-virulent), heat-killed strains of streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 17

why is smooth strain virulent?

Answer 17

smooth coating hides the bacteria from mouse’s immune system

Question 18

transforming principle was destroyed by what?

Answer 18

DNase, but not RNase or protease

Question 19

Hershey and Chase experiment

Answer 19

Radioactive sulfur detected in supernatant, Radioactive P found in pellets
S in S and P in P

Question 20

function of DNA ligase

Answer 20

join two proteins

Question 21

function of terminal transferase is

Answer 21

adds homopolymers tails to the 3’ OH ends of a linear duplex

Question 22

reverse transcriptase functions is

Answer 22

make a DNA copy of an RNA molecule

Question 23

function of polynucleotide kinase is

Answer 23

adds a phosphate to the 5’ OH end of a polynucleotide

Question 24

Which molecules cause premature DNA termination in Sanger Sequencing

Answer 24

dideoxynucleotides

Question 25

What types of base pairs can form in neutral RNA, but can't form in DNA

Answer 25

G-U | A-A

Question 26

what denatures RNA?

Answer 26

heat

Question 27

which nucleotides are purines?

Answer 27

G&A general authorities are pure

Question 28

what is needed in cloning vectors?

Answer 28

- genes for antibiotic resistance - origin of replication - several unique restriction enzyme cut sites

Question 29

what is not needed in cloning vectors

Answer 29

large size to accommodate DNA inserts

Question 30

how to make cDNA library from mRNA

Answer 30

cloning vectors and PCR

Question 31

how can you make blunt ended DNA have sticky ends?

Answer 31

homopolymer tails

Question 32

what allows efficient transcription of a cloned gene in an expression vector

Answer 32

bacterial promoter

Question 33

what is different about dideoxynucleotides

Answer 33

lacks a 3' OH

Question 34

type II restriction endonuclease

Answer 34

cleaves DNA at specific base sequences

Question 35

DNA polymerase I

Answer 35

fills single-stranded gaps in duplex DNA by addition of nucleotides to 3' ends

Question 36

Exonuclease III

Answer 36

Removes nucleotide residues from the 3' ends of a DNA strand

Question 37

Bacteriophage exonuclease

Answer 37

Removes nucleotides from the 5' ends of a duplex to expose single-stranded 3' ends

Question 38

alkaline phosphatase

Answer 38

removes terminal phosphates from the 5' end. the 3' end, or both