MMW MIDTERMS

Question 1

a science which deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data so as to give a more meaningful information.

Answer 1

STATISTICS

Question 2

refers to the collection, organization,summary, and presentation of data

Answer 2

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Question 3

deals with the interpretation and analysis of data where conclusion is drawn based from the subset of the population.

Answer 3

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 4

a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values in different persons, places, or things.

Answer 4

VARIABLE

Question 5

• data which can assume values that manifest the concept of attributes.
• aka categorical data

Answer 5

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 6

• data are obtained from counting or measuring.
• Numerical data which represents the numerical value i.e. how much, how often, how many

Answer 6

QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

Question 7

• values in the variable are used to label or classify variables.
• has no order
• words, letters, and alpha numeric symbols can be used

Answer 7

NOMINAL

Question 8

• values represent discrete and ordered units.
• follows a natural order

Answer 8

ORDINAL

Question 9

• values tell the distances between the measurements in addition to the classification and ordering.
• do not have a true zero point

Answer 9

INTERVAL

Question 10

• the most informative level of measurement.
• The combination of first three levels of measurements.
• order units that have the same difference
• have an absolute zero

Answer 10

RATIO

Question 11

a way of selecting individual members or a subset of the population to make statistical inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Answer 11

SAMPLING METHODS

Question 12

the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

Answer 12

POPULATION

Question 13

the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.

Answer 13

SAMPLE

Question 14

every member of the population has a chance of being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research

Answer 14

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Question 15

non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data. It is often used in exploratory and qualitative research.

Answer 15

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Question 16

• every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
• Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
• Two ways: lottery or fishbowl technique and table of random numbers.

Answer 16

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE

Question 17

Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

Answer 17

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Question 18

dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Sometimes referred to as “area sampling”

Answer 18

CLUSTER SAMPLING

Question 19

to use this sampling method, divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic

Answer 19

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Question 20

individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.

Answer 20

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

Question 21

are always at least somewhat biased, as some people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.

Answer 21

VOLUNTARY RESPONSE SAMPLING

Question 22

also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.

Answer 22

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

Question 23

can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.

Answer 23

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

Question 24

• provide raw information and first-hand evidence.
• Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art.
• gives direct access to the subject of your research

Answer 24

PRIMARY SOURCES

Question 25

- provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. - Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. - describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources

Answer 25

SECONDARY SOURCES

Question 26

this method is by far the most common means of data gathering

Answer 26

Interviews

Question 27

data gathering is an indirect interview, used when potential respondents know why they're being asked questions and hesitate to answer. The interviewees get an incomplete question, and they must fill in the rest, using their opinions, feelings, and attitudes.

Answer 27

PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE

Question 28

each expert answers questions in their field of specialty, and the replies are consolidated into a single opinion.

Answer 28

DELPHI TECHNIQUE

Question 29

like interviews, are a commonly used technique. The group consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a dozen people, led by a moderator, brought together to discuss the issue.

Answer 29

FOCUS GROUPS

Question 30

are a simple, straightforward data collection method. Respondents get a series of questions, either open or close-ended, related to the matter at hand.

Answer 30

QUESTIONNAIRES

Question 31

In this method, collected data are presented in narrative and paragraph forms. This mode of presentation combines text and figures in a statistic

Answer 31

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

Question 32

This mode of presentation is better than textual form. The data are systematically presented through tables consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings for an easier and more comprehensible comparison of figural report.

Answer 32

TABULAR PRESENTATION

Question 33

Data gathered are presented in visual or pictorial form. This would enable the researcher to get clear view of the relationships of data through pictures and colored maps.

Answer 33

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Question 34

It is the most widely used practical device effective in showing a trend over a period.

Answer 34

LINE GRAPH

Question 35

the simplest form of graphic presentation. It is generally intended for comparison of simple magnitude.

Answer 35

BAR GRAPH

Question 36

uses pictorial symbols for population to indicate data.

Answer 36

PICTOGRAPH/ PICTOGRAM

Question 37

the graph of a cumulative frequency distribution. It is constructed by plotting the class boundaries on the horizontal or x-axis against the cumulative “less than” and “more than” frequencies plotted on the vertical or y-axis.

Answer 37

O-GIVE CURVE

Question 38

a closed broken line curve constructed by plotting the class marks on the horizontal or x-axis against the class frequencies which are plotted on the vertical y-axis.

Answer 38

FREQUENCY POLYGON

Question 39

is a tabular arrangement of data showing its classification or grouping according to magnitude or size.

Answer 39

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION